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History: Early Modern > EU Nation governance (National) > Flashcards

EU Nation governance (National) Flashcards

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1
Q

England: Who was Henry VII

A

Was a successful king who obstacles to royal power and increase royal revenue heavily

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2
Q

England: Who was Henry VIII

A

Henry VIII was central to English Reformations and established the independent church of England that ensure monarch supremacy

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3
Q

England: Who was Edward VI

A

King and Son of Henry VIII after he died where his uncle introduced the first protestant reforms

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4
Q

England: Who was James I and VI

A

Protestant British leader England and Scotland who wanted to destroy armada, reconcile with confessions, and make new order of nobility

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5
Q

England: Who was Elizabeth I?

A

Queen under the era of Religious war that managed to keep England unified and cultivate policies and delegate capable ministers

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6
Q

England: Who was Charles I?

A

King involved in the Bishops war who was executed by the parliament’s radicalized army

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7
Q

England: Who was Oliver Cromwell?

A

First leader of commonwealth of England who led a parliament army against Charles I

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8
Q

England: What was English Reformation?

A

Breaking authority away of Church and pope in England

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9
Q

England: What did Thomas more do at Henry VII and Katherine’s divorce that started Reformation

A

Thomas more makes evidence arguing that England was never part of the church

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10
Q

England: What was Reformation parliament?

A

Reformation Parliament passed laws that severed ties with Rome

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11
Q

England: What was Thomas More for the Reformation?

A

Henry’s chief advisor

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12
Q

England: Who was Thomas Cromwell for the reformation?

A

Henry’s chief advisor who was a protestant who led reformation legislation

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13
Q

England: How did church change in reformations?

A

Church and clergy became more vulnerable to secular law than canon law

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14
Q

England: How was the church and nobility affected by events of the reformations?

A

Nobility divided, church divided

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15
Q

England: Who was Anne Boleyn for the reformations?

A

A key protestant member who was executed leading to a divided nobility and church

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16
Q

England: What was the last act of parliament during reformation?

A

Dissolution of monasteries

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17
Q

England: What was the 10 Articles of the reformations?

A

Attempted to define Anglical Creed as a doctrine

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18
Q

England: What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

Revolt organized under virgin mary in north that was defeated as they marched to London

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19
Q

England: What was the Anti-idolatry campaign in reformation?

A

Campaign to remove superstition by stripping church’s appearance

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20
Q

England: What was the Bishop’s war?

A

War between Scotland, England, and Ireland where the bishops fought for abolition of popes and tribute payments. This was precursor of civil war in England

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21
Q

England: What was the Bill of Attainder? Who was it used on?

A

Declaring someone guilty without trial used on thomas wentworth

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22
Q

England: What did parliament do during bishops war?

A

Passed by parliament to pass someone’s guilt that led to execution of treasoned Thomas Wentworth

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23
Q

England: What was the English Civil war?

A

A war between parliament and Charles I that led to Charles execution and the establishment of the English commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell

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24
Q

England: What was the English commonwealth?

A

Republican form of British government

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25
Q

England: How did the Armada affect England?

A

It showed England has a strong navy and was aided by god

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26
Q

England: What did Thomas Cromwell do?

A

Was the financial minister of Henry VIII who led reformation legislation

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27
Q

England: What was the Gunpowder plot?

A

Guy Fawkes further fosters militarized Catholicism after finding gunpowder cache during James reign

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28
Q

England: What was the Financial Revolution in England?

A

Financial reforms brought in by William III that allowed England to take on more taxes and debt to fund armies

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29
Q

England: What England in the Age of absolute and Limited Monarchies?

A

Age of Limited monarchy that saw the parliament try to counter Charles’ I’s goal of absolutism

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30
Q

England: What was England like during the Religious wars?

A

Unified under Elizabeth I

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31
Q

France: Who was Francis I?

A

King involved in the battle of Pavia that ultimately started the french wars of religion

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32
Q

France: Who was Marguerite De Navarre?

A

Francis sister who was attacked for preaching heresy in 1533

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33
Q

France: Who was Francis II?

A

Dominated by/Relies on Guises. Married to Mary Queen of Scots. His reign was not long. Led to religious division that caused outbreak of religious wars.

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34
Q

France: Who was Charles IX?

A

The French king who with Catherine ordered the St. Bartholomew’s day Massacre of protestant Huguenots that led to more religious division

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35
Q

France: Who was Henri III?

A

Involved in Spain and Netherland conflict and the war of the 3 henri’s. Humiliated by Guise and assassinates people until his assassination

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36
Q

France: Who was Henri IV “de Navarre” Bourbon?

A

Calvinist King of France whose conversion to Catholicism was denied by Pope Sixtus V which led to war and siege of France

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37
Q

France: How did Henri IV die?

A

Assassination by a jesuit

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38
Q

France: Who was Louis XIII?

A

Ruled alongside cardinal Richelieu who exercised absolutism

39
Q

France: Who was Henry XIV?

A

The Sun King who asserted Absolutism in France, restoration and beautification projects, went on 3 separate wars, reformed the economy, and eventually shifted to religious intolerance

40
Q

France: Who was Henry XV?

A

Last king whose reign and lust led to french revolution

41
Q

France: Who was Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII)? His goals?

A

Louis XIII’s advisor who didn’t believe in Edict of Nantes and wanted to destroy Huguenots and protestants

42
Q

France: Who was Cardinal Mazarin (Louis XIII, Queen Anne, Louis XIV)?

A

Minister who

43
Q

France: Why did Protestantism fail in France (No Reformation)?

A

Because the catholic church of France owned by the monarch differed from the normal catholic church

44
Q

France: What happened to Francis I at the battle of Pavia?

A

Francis I is taken prisoner sent to Spain where he’s tried and badly treated

45
Q

France: What was the Code of plaquered?

A

poster stating abuses of papal mass

46
Q

France: What was the Edict of Coucy?

A

Designed to attract support of imperial estates — release of religious prisoners, allows exiles home

47
Q

France: What happened to French Civil Wars of religion (Guise)?

A

Civil war against French Catholics and Protestants that started as a result of edicts passed under Catherine De Medici’s reign

48
Q

France: What was Edict of Amboise?

A

Releases religious prisoners

49
Q

France: What was Colloquoy of Poussy?

A

Catholics and Protestants attempt to talk, they don’t agree on much

50
Q

France: What was Edict of Saint-Germain?

A

Edict of toleration/allowing open preaching and noble ran private military which saw resistance from parliament

51
Q

France: What was Catherine De Medici’s goal in all these edicts?

A

To promotes reconciliation with protestants

52
Q

France: Who was the war of the 3 henri’s

A
  1. Protestants
  2. France
  3. Catholic Guise
53
Q

France: Was the result of the 3 wars of henry?

A

Guise and Catholics take over Paris and Henri III gets assassinated putting Henry IV as King

54
Q

France: Lit de Justice

A

Session with parliament and king that were used to register royal edicts

55
Q

France: What was Henri’s IV Edict of Nantes?

A

Agreement between Henry IV and Huguenote protestants that allowed for toleration of protestantism

56
Q

France: What was the Fronde of Parliament?

A

Attempt to change french constitution with Henry IV playing a part. Serious effort to reform.

57
Q

France: What was the significance of French Civil war?

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Goes against principles of catholic elites. People wonder why they are fighting against Catholics for the Protestants
58
Q

France: Edict of Union?

A

Henry III Recognizes all the demands of the Catholic house of Guise

59
Q

France: What did Louis XIV do to Jansenists?

A

He persecuted Jansenists and condemned them with Unigenitus because they had heretical but growing view of catholicism

60
Q

France: What was the Polysynodie

A

Government after King Louis XIV died

61
Q

France: What was the Brittany Affair?

A

A battle between parlement and king where the parlement affirms that they are soveriegn power

62
Q

France: What was the Maupeou’s revolution

A

Rene Maupeou became chancellor and increased taxes and other methods to increase kings treasury, while silencing parlement judges into exile and controlling them

63
Q

France: Why was a French revolution promising?

A
  1. Financial disasters in france
  2. People like Voltaire becoming more critical of parlement, monarchy, and clergy
  3. Republican style looks promising
64
Q

Holy Roman Empire: Who was Maximilian I

A

Emperor of the Habsburg family that strengthened his claims with marriage alliances across Europe for his son Charles V and introduced reforms

65
Q

Holy Roman Empire: Who was Charles V

A

Son who inherited a massive empire and was very interconnected to members of the entire Europe in order to restore power in Germany

66
Q

Holy Roman Empire: What was the Diet of worms of 1495?

A

Reform package that created police system, imperial council and taxes based on wealth

67
Q

Holy Roman Empire: What was the Diet of Reichstag?

A

Assembly of territorial states (ranged from electors, greats princes, through imperial free cities to knights of the empires)

68
Q

Holy Roman Empire: What was the Diet of worms 1521?

A

Diet where Luther was condemned for refusing to recant his belief

69
Q

Holy Roman Empire: What was the Charles V’s religious peace of augsburg?

A

Subjects have right to refuse prince’s choice of secular religion. This kept successful peace agreement that keeps peace for 60 years.

70
Q

Dutch Republic: How did it gain independence from Spain?

A

The peace of munster after the 80 years war made Dutch republic

71
Q

Dutch Republic: Who was Maurice of Nassau?

A

A Calvinist and orangist who purged arminianism

72
Q

Dutch Republic: Who were the orangists?

A

A Calvinist group who dominated Dutch politics in the 17th century as stadholders

73
Q

Dutch Republic: What happened to Stadholder and regents?

A

Stadholder became vacant and lost its power to the provincial states and the regent class

74
Q

Dutch Republic: How were the orangists power taken away?

A

policy of relative toleration for minorities and army was dismantled

75
Q

Dutch Republic: What was Dutch’s commercial narrative?

A

Dutch merchants dominated the commerce and finance in 17th century but declined in the 18th century

76
Q

Dutch Republic: How did the enlightenment affect Dutch people?

A

A Patriot movement formed that saw both Orangists and Regents as corrupt and self interested

77
Q

Spain: How did the Habsburg dynasty change Spain?

A

Charles V held the land of spain before it was handed over to son Philip II as a result of the Habsburg-Valois Wars

78
Q

Spain: Who was Philip II

A

Ruler of Spain who ruled dynastically allowing all territories to have their laws and governments but ruled under reformed catholicism. He also inherited the Netherlands leading to involvement in their revolt.

79
Q

Spain: Who was Ferdinand and Isabella?

A

Rulers of Aragon and Castille who that drove muslim forces out of Granada

80
Q

Spain: Who was Charles II

A

The last habsburg ruler of spain who was incompetent and led spain to be dominated by nobles

81
Q

Portuguese Empire: What was the importance of the Portuguese empire?

A

Their voyages and trade over Asia

82
Q

Ottoman Empire: What did Mehmed II do?

A

Was first leader to deal with reforms

83
Q

Ottoman Empire: How did the military become advanced?

A

Military revolution

84
Q

Ottoman Empire: What was the effect of the fall of Constantinople and muslim expansion on Europe?

A

Trading to east became difficult and fighting between Christians and Ottomans took place

85
Q

Ottoman Empire: How did Janissaries differ from other troops?

A

They are always in services, salaried and did drills

86
Q

France: Who is Marquise de pompadour

A

Louis XV’s mistress who becomes king’s minister through her political advice

87
Q

France: What is the Affair of the diamond necklace? What did they find upon investigation? What did this do to Louis XV

A

Scandal where Louis XV approaches Marie Antoinette to offer her a necklace. This led to an investigation that found the farm where Louis XV kept his mistresses hurting his reputation

88
Q

France: What was Calonne’s economic reform 1786?

A
  1. Tax collection reform
  2. ending tax exemptions for aristocrats
  3. Consensus required
89
Q

France: Edict of Tolerance (1787)

A

Catholicism still official religion, but other religions can privately exercise religion and civic rights because of natural law permits anyone from denying them

90
Q

France: Why did King Henry XV exile parliament?

A

Parlement refuses to pass the edict of tolerance because it is based in natural law that parlement can’t deal with

91
Q

What are the 2 things that end of Early Modern Europe?

A
  1. National assembly abolishes Feudalism
  2. Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizens
92
Q

How are does National policy abolish Feudalism? What did it say about citizens, guilds, and church?

A
  1. Citizens become equal
  2. Guilds abolished
  3. Churches are government run and can’t have any political influence
93
Q

France: What caused the French Revolution?

A
  1. Economic crisis and high taxes
  2. Political corruption
  3. Enlightenment influence
  4. American revolution influence

History: Early Modern (5 decks)

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