ETICS111 [1] (ETIC111: LONG QUIZ #2) Flashcards
According to John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism cannot lead to selfish acts because this concept pertains to neither pleasure nor happiness alone. If we are the only ones satisfied by our actions, it does not constitute a moral good.
Both statements are true.
Based on Aristotle, a morally virtuous person is concerned with achieving her appropriate action in a manner that is either excessive or deficient. In other words, there is no middle or intermediary point in between extremes.
Both statements are false
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time that it should become a universal law”—is a purely formal or logical statement that expresses the condition of the ____________________rather than its morality.
Rationality of the conduct
Utilitarianism is ____________________________?. Therefore, the moral value of actions and decisions is based solely or greatly on the usefulness of their effect or outcomes
consequentialist
________________ theories judge the morality of choices by criteria different from the states of affairs those choices bring about.
deontological
Just like Bentham, John Stuart Mill is an _________ because he believes that policy should be based on our experiences of pleasure and pain, not tradition.
empiricist
The dictum ‘The unexamined life is not worth living” can be found in:
Plato’s Apology
Moral virtues can be acquired through practice and experience. They do not have to do with the appropriate management of emotions.
The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
It is an excellence in knowing the right conduct in carrying out a particular act. One can attain a wisdom that can provide us with a guide on how to behave in our daily lives.
Practical Wisdom
For _________, even if a person has the right characteristics and is inclined by nature to do the right thing, that person still has a choice either to follow commands of reason or not.
Aquinas
It is roughly the study of purposiveness, or the study of objects with a view to their aims, purposes, and intentions.
Teleology
Moral faculties concern the —- while intellectual faculties concern the act of knowing.
act of doing
For Mill, eating, drinking, and sexuality are examples of _______________
lower pleasures
The Greek term _________ refers to what we might call a purpose, goal, end, fulfillment, or true final function of an object.
Telos
It deals with attaining knowledge about the fundamental principles and truths that govern the universe.
Philosophic Wisdom
It is also known as Rule-based Ethics.
Deontology
Deontology comes from the Greek word deon, meaning _______
duty
It refers to all instances wherein human being construct and enforce laws in their community.
Human Law
It is also known as Results-based Ethics
Consequentialism
It refers specifically to the instances where we have what is handed down to us in sacred scripture.
Eternal Law
The intention inherent in the action that one is performing. It specifies the human act and is the purpose that the act accomplishes as a means to the ultimate goal of life.
Moral Object
The word virtue comes from the Greek word __________ which means ‘excellence’.
Arete
“The end does not justify the means.” This perspective falls under:
Deontology
In the works of Aristotle ____________ was the term for the highest human good. It pertains to happiness, well-being, good life.
Eudaimonia
Virtue ethics posit a question,
How should I carry out my life if I am to live well?’
Bentham first wrote about the greatest happiness principle of ethics and was known for a system of penal management called _____________.
Panopticon
For deontologists, what makes a choice right is its _______________with a moral norm.
conformity
Suppose that by killing X, an entirely innocent person, we can save the lives of 10 other innocent people. A ____________would say it is inherently wrong to murder people and refuse to kill X, even though not killing X leads to the death of 9 more people than killing X.
non-consequentialist
It is a philosophical view which states that the morally right action is the action that produces the best. It is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall usefulness in maximizing happiness or pleasure as summed among all people.
Utilitarianism
The ultimate reason that determines the moral act. It is a means towards attainment of true happiness both of an agent and the common good.
Intention or Motive
He was the father of utilitarianism.
Jeremy Bentham
Since we belong to a community, we must consider what is good for the community as well as our own good. This can be called ______________
Common Good
Bentham’s principle of utility is democratic because it emphasizes that:
each individual’s happiness is as important as any other’s.
Pedro and Jose both do the same work, and there are no relevant differences between them or the work they are doing, then in justice, they should be paid the same wages. Individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved.
equal should be treated equally and unequal unequally.
It is a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not depend on any ulterior motive or end.
Categorical Imperative
According to Jeremy Bentham, our actions are governed by two “sovereign masters” –which he calls_____________. These “masters” are given to us by nature to help us determine what is good or bad and what ought to be done and not; they fasten our choices to their throne.
Pleasure and Pain
When we argue that the drug war program of the present government is permissible because doing so results in better public safety, then we are arguing in a _______ way because we argue that some individual rights can be sacrificed for the sake of the greater happiness of the many.
Utilitarian
“Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”— this statement can be expressed in another Kantian formula:
Treat humanity, whether in your own person or in another, always an end, and never as only a means
This term means that each individual or group of people is given the same resources or opportunities.
Equality
This term signifies that one recognizes that each person has different circumstances and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome.
Equity
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals is written by _______________
Immanuel Kant
“It would be barbarously unjust to chop off a person’s hand for stealing a money, or to impose death penalty on a person who by accident and without negligence injured another party.” What type of justice is being implied in the given statement?
Retributive Justice or Corrective Justice
This refers to just compensation for transactional problems such as breaches of contract and practice based on civil law. Rectify the person who did not observe his/her word of honor.
Rectificatory Justice
When you respect a person’s autonomy,
You acknowledge a person’s right to make choices, to hold views, and to take actions based on personal values and beliefs
John Rawls sees justice as:
the equal distribution of good and services
“Those who testified at the hearings claimed that the owners of the cotton mills where workers had been injured should compensate the workers whose health had been ruined by conditions at the mills.” What type of justice is being implied in the given statement?
Compensatory Justice
“All members of society are given equal services such as free immunization to all children below seven years old.” What material principle of justice is being applied in the given statement?
to each person an equal share.
It is a system in which actions are seen as morally and ethically correct if it accords with the end purpose of human nature and human goals.
Natural Law
“When there is a shortage of vaccine for Covid 19 virus, it is provided only to the high risks groups. Likewise, only health care workers assigned in the high risks areas are provided with free health check-ups, medication, including treatments and vaccinations to protect them.” What material principle of justice is being applied in the given statement?
to each person according to need
These are acts that man does with full knowledge and of his own will.
Human Acts
Unlike religious deontological theories, the rules (or maxims) in Kant’s deontological theory derive from _____________
human reason
Acts that one performs without the knowledge of the intellect and without the decision of the will.
Acts of Man
It is also necessary for rules or laws to be communicated to the people involved to enforce them and to better ensure compliance. This is referred to as —–
Promulgation
In the context of Justice and Fairness, bestowing benefits include:
approval, praise, honor, and support
“Philippine Charity Sweepstakes service of providing free health care assistance only to those who meet the required criteria and that is having no financial capacity to provide it for themselves and to their family.” What material principle of justice is being applied in the given statement?
to each person according to merit.
Digestion, beating of the heart, growth, corporal reactions, and visual or auditory perceptions are examples of __________
Acts of Man
It is the part of the human act that must be considered to evaluate the total moral act. It can be considered in various moral questions, thus, be might ask, ‘who’, ‘when’, ‘how much’ or ‘in what manner’.
Circumstance
ANALOGY:
- Phronesis: Practical wisdom; Sophia: _________
- Fair Procedures: Procedural Fairness; Fair Results: _______________
I. Theoretical Wisdom
II. Substantive Fairness
It is the property of the will in those instances when pure reason is the cause of the action.
Autonomy
It occurs when any foreign impulse, whether it is external (as in other persons or institutions that impose their will on the agent) or sensible (as in bodily instincts or base emotions) is what compels a person to act.
Heteronomy
