ethnicity L1

Question 1

What % of the UK’s population is white, compared to % of stop and searches aimed at black people?- what does this show?

Answer 1

UK’s pop= 80% white
BUT- 20% of sas aimed at black people
-> shows disproportionality of crime stats, a rep of social interactions between officers and criminals
D2 institutional racism

Question 2

Define institutional racism:

Answer 2

Institutional racism is when racism is so imbedded within society it goes un-noticed

Question 3

What are 2 other alternative sources for statistics?

Answer 3

1. Victim surveys
2. Self report studies

Question 4

What are victim surveys? What are the negatives of these according to Phillip and Bowling?

Answer 4

Victim surveys e.g. CSEW, allow criminals to disclose their deviant behaviour-> often shows how crime is intra-ethnic
Phillip and Bowling- VS rely on people’s memory, white victims often over-identify black suspects even if unsure
+ Victim surveys only inform about ethnicity of a small prop of offenders (exclude under 10s)

Question 5

What are self report studies? What did Graham and Bowling find through these?

Answer 5

Self report studies allow criminals to disclose criminal behaviour
STUDY of 2500 offenders- G+B found white and black rates of offending were similar (44%,43%)
+ Mixed and White admit to more but victim surveys show higher rates for black people

Question 6

What are the 7 stages of the CJS that are affected by ethnic differences?

Answer 6

1. Policing
2. Stop and search
3. Arrests and cautions
4. Prosecution and trial
5. Convictions and sentences
6. Pre sentence reports
7. Prison

Question 7

How is policing affected by ethnic differences according to Phillips and Bowling?

Answer 7

P+B- Since 70s-> allegations of oppressive policing against EMGs- mass stop and searches, excessive surveillance etc

Question 8

How is stop and search affected by ethnic differences?

Answer 8

Black people are 9x more likely to be stopped
Asians 2x more likely (BUT- increasing d2 Terrorism Act 2000)
Phillips and Bowling- members of these groups are likely to feel over policed and under protected- little faith in police d2 police racism (institutional racism-> negative stereotypes-> target emgs in sas)

Question 9

How are arrests and cautions affected by ethnic differences?

Answer 9

2018/2019- arrests for Black people were over 3x higher
Why?- EMGs more likely to deny the offence (out of mistrust)= more likely to be charged

Question 10

How is prosecution and trial affected by ethnic differences?

Answer 10

Crown prosecution service (CPS)= more likely to drop cases under EMGs
Phillip and Bowling- Police often have stereotyped/ offer weak evidence
+ EMGs more likely to elect for a trial in a crown court over a magistrates court- mistrust over magistrates impartiality

Question 11

How are convictions and sentences affected by ethnic differences?

Answer 11

Black and Asian defendants= less likely to be found guilty-> police bring weak evidence, stereotyped, less serious cases
BUT Hood studied 5 crown courts and found Black men were 5% more likely to receive a custodial sentence + on average had a 3 month longer sentence than whites

Question 12

How are pre-sentence reports affected by ethnic differences according to Hudson and Bramall?

Answer 12

Hudson and Bramall- PSRs allow for unwitting discrimination- Asian offenders ‘less remorseful’- bias against Muslims after 9/11

Question 13

How is prison affected by ethnic differences?

Answer 13

2021- Just over 1/4 of prison pop was EMGs-> Black people were almost 4x more likely to have longer sentences
- EMGs more likely to be on remand, less likely to be granted bail when awaiting trial