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Sociology Paper 3: Section B > Ethnicity and crime > Flashcards

Ethnicity and crime Flashcards

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1
Q

What sociologists discuss discrimination in the criminal justice system?

A
  • Anderson (colour coding)
  • Hall (Scarman and McPherson rapport)
  • Phillips & Bowling (over policed neighbour-hoods)
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2
Q

What does interactionist Anderson say about the police?

A
  • Police assumed white people were middle class and trustworthy, and that black people were lower class and criminal.
  • This ‘colour coding’ often worked to confuse race, age, class, and gender issues as well as ignoring individual behaviour.
  • Police officers would stop/harass/abuse young black men when most didn’t deserve it. Some dressed differently to avoid suspicion, but most saw it as inevitable.
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3
Q

Who discussed ‘colour coding’ from the police?

A

Anderson

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4
Q

What were the two reports Hall discussed?

A
  • The Scarman Report - response to racial violence and rioting.
  • The McPherson Report - concluded the official inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the subsequent police investigation.
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5
Q

What did the Scarman Report recognise?

A
  • Social and economic disadvantages faced by ethnic minorities could create a disposition towards violent protests.
  • It highlighted the issue with policing such communities, endorsing more Racial Awareness Programmes.
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6
Q

What did Hall argue about the Scarman report’s outcome?

A
  • The endorsed Racial Awareness Training programmes were only partially implemented and not fully supported by the Gov/police.
  • Further riots followed and police tactics became ever more aggressive in dealing with them.
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7
Q

What was Hall’s response to the McPherson report?

A
  • Hall welcomes the conclusion regarding Institutional racism in the Metropolitan Police force as a step forward in recognising and addressing some of the problems.
  • However, he concluded that until individuals are held accountable for their actions, not much will change.
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8
Q

Who supports Hall’s conclusion of the McPherson report?

A

Phillips & Bowling

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9
Q

What does Phillips & Bowling argue about the McPherson report?

A

Despite its existence, ethnic minority neighbourhoods were still over-policed with military style methods.

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10
Q

What does institutional racism refer to?

A

Racism within the social processes and practices of an institution.

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11
Q

What is ‘police culture’?

A

A shared set of norms/values/attitudes/practices which develop among the police. This effects the way they carry out their duties.

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12
Q

Who discusses ‘canteen culture’?

A

Waddington

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13
Q

What is ‘canteen culture’?

A

Attitudes and values exhibited by the police in their off-duty socialising.

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14
Q

What sociologists highlight that police and canteen culture may include a normalisation of racist attitudes?

A
  • Holdaway (racialisation)
  • Bhilox (differential deployment/ methodological suspicion)
  • Scraton (‘culture of resistance’)
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15
Q

What did Holdaway discuss when researching police culture?

A
  • The ‘racialisation’ of policing, arguing routine and mundane police work and relationships can take on a racial ‘framing’ where people and events are seen in a way that prioritises race when it is not relevant, or ignores it when it is.
  • Consequently, police officers may inadvertently act in racist ways without completely realising it.
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16
Q

What does Bhilox say about most policing?

A
  • It is directed at the excluded in society, who are often young, poor, and black.
  • The police deploy ‘differential deployment’ (concentrating policing on areas where the targeted reside) and ‘methodological suspicion’ (routinely suspecting only a limited proportion of the population).
  • This may have a negative impact on ethnic minority communities, who may feel a sense of injustice which can lead to further conflict.
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17
Q

What two things do the police deploy according to Bhilox?

A
  • ‘Differential deployment’- concentrating policing on areas where the targeted reside
  • ‘Methodological suspicion’- routinely suspecting only a limited proportion of the population
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18
Q

What is differential deployment?

A

concentrating policing on areas where the targeted reside

19
Q

What is methodological suspicion?

A

Routinely suspecting only a limited proportion of the population.

20
Q

Who talks about how the police target the excluded?

A

Bhilox

21
Q

How does Scraton see the police force?

A
  • An occupying force imposed on working class and ethnic minority communities.
  • They impose laws which reflect the ruling class interests, and black criminality is part of a ‘culture of resistance’ formed as a response to racism.
22
Q

Who talks about how the police force imposes ruling class interests, and black criminality is part of a ‘culture of resistance’?

A

Scraton

23
Q

What sociologists evaluate institutional racism?

A
  • Waddington
  • Glynn
24
Q

What does Waddington argue when evaluating institutional racism?

A
  • The higher levels of stop and searches of young black & asian males is not necessarily evidence of racism.
  • They consider other factors like ‘availability’ of people from certain ethnic backgrounds in public places and age profile.
  • His research suggests that black & asian males were not treated disproportionately since the amount of times they were stopped and searched was in line with the proportion of the ‘available population’.
25
Q

Who discusses the ’available population’ when critiquing institutional racism theories?

A

Waddington

26
Q

Who discusses how crime can be a way for Black males to ’get back’ at the system?

A

Glynn

27
Q

What does Glynn argue?

A
  • The belief that criminal justice processes are inherently racist, and the promotion of racial stereotypes creates a defiant reaction amongst some black males.
  • Crime becomes a way of ‘getting back’ at a society which has rejected them.
  • Thus, racism within the system may not just give the perception of higher crime rates amongst black males, it may also cause increased criminality.
28
Q

Who talks about ’road culture’ when discussing young black males?

A

Gunter

29
Q

What does Gunter say when talking about young black males?

A
  • ‘Road culture’ was significant in their identities, and is played out ‘on the road.’ (streets, housing estates…)
  • They participate in this to ‘gain respect’ through violence, drug dealing, and criminal activity etc
30
Q

What do Lea & Young say about race and crime?

A
  • They criticise moral panics which surround black crime, like the way the media focus on mugging and link it to ethnicity, indicating them as the culprits not the victims.
  • However, they accept there are higher crime rates among ethnic minority groups, and race & class combined explain these patterns.
  • There are injustices in Asian & Black communities, as many are affected by unemployment and deprivation, meaning in an industrial society, they are ‘brutalised’ into crime.
  • Linking to class explains why Chinese and Indian origin have lower crime rates as they tend to not be living in deprivation like Black and Asian origins.
31
Q

Who accepts higher rates of crime of ethnic minorities, and discusses the link between race and class?

A

Lea & Young

32
Q

What does Palmer believe about race, criticising Lea & Young?

A
  • They do not believe race is a secondary factor to class, and feels there’s too little emphasise on race in the CJS.
  • Young black males face so many disadvantages compared to white young men that we cannot assume they commit crime for the same reasons.
33
Q

What did Palmer find when studying black residents of an inner city London neighbourhood?

A
  • The media influenced the aspirations of black youths as they felt they were treated unjustly.
  • She refers to the lack of discipline within families and being let down by their community, education, and wider society.
  • Palmer concluded that race may not be a direct cause of crime, but it is relevant factor in how young black males see themselves and how they are perceived.
34
Q

Who talked about how the media and community influenced black youths?

A

Palmer

35
Q

Why are crime rates among British Asians rather low?

A
  • Strong family values.
  • Socialisation.
  • Not fitting in with the police stereotype of a ‘criminal’.
36
Q

Who critiques how the Home Office classify Asians?

A

Fitzgerald & Sibbitt

37
Q

What do Fitzgerald & Sibbitt discuss?

A
  • The Home Office tends to classify Asians in one category, including those in Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi backgrounds, who may have different social class and cultural backgrounds.
  • They believe this has masked different crime patterns within these communities.
38
Q

Who discusses why crime among Asian males has been increasing significantly in recent years?

A
  • Phillips, Bowling, & Parmar (stereotypes)
  • Abbass (Islamophobia)
39
Q

Why has Asian crime rates increased according to Phillips, Bowling, & Parmar?

A
  • Socio-economic factors.
  • They believe stereotypes of Asians, particularly Muslims, have altered.
  • The old stereotypes that saw Asians as law abiding, with strong community, family, and religious values, has gone.
  • This has been replaced with Asian youths being linked to criminal and deviant activity.
40
Q

What group talk about the increase in Asians committing crime being due to stereotypes altering?

A

Phillips, Bowling, & Parmar

41
Q

Who talks about the ‘passive asian’, ‘islamophobia’, and ‘radicalisation’?

A

Abbass

42
Q

What does Abbass say in response to the increase in Asians committing crime?

A
  • The stereotype of the ‘passive Asian’ has given way to a society of Islamophobia following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
  • Evidence shows that stopping and searching of Asians has increased.
  • Current concerns about ‘racialisation’ has led to claims about the targeting of young Muslims by the police and harsher punishments being issued by courts.
43
Q

What group of sociologists discuss Asians and Crime?

A
  • Fitzgerald & Sibbitt (Home Office)
  • Bowling, Parmar, & Phillips (stereotypes)
  • Abbass (9/11, Islamophobia)
44
Q

Who talks about ’racialisation’ and ’racial framing’ of the police?

A

Holdaway

Sociology Paper 3: Section B (18 decks)

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