Ethnicity

Question 1

ACRONYM

Answer 1

Asian Groups- Anwar and Ghuman, south Asian emphasize values of family
Should- Sewell, Black Machismo
Join- Jacobson, Islam is a big part of identity among British Pakistani’s
Forces- Fanon, white mask

Question 2

Law Breakers, Hall et. Al (1978) - Neo Marxist

Answer 2

• Media exaggerates extent of black crime, creating moral panic (Cohen), and the figure of a folk devil, the “black Mugger”
• Black Mugger became a symbol which functioned to reassert the hegemonic ruling class ideology by distracting audiences from economic and political crisis.

Question 3

Representations of Ethnicity

Answer 3

• Ethnic minorities are under represented in senior management roles of media companies, Neo Marxists like the GMG- representations of minority ethnic groups are filtered through the gaze of a mostly white middle class dominated media
• Hall (2003) ‘the white eye through which they are seen’
• Hargrave (2002)- proportion of UK tv shows containing African-Caribbean has increased to 48%
  Malik (2002)- Asians were often under represented, and there is a lack Asia Tv presenters

Beattie et al. - black people were less likely to be presented in professional roles and more likely to be musicians, sports people or in exotic dresses in advertising- data from Clearcast showed 2010 actors from ethnic minorities appeared in 0.3% of UK tv ads.

Malik (2002)- African Caribbean’s found in programmes dealing with social issues, music, sport, light entertainment and comedy rather than serious shows and less often in major roles in British films.

Beattie et Al. (1999)- Black and Asian people more likely to be guests on a show, unless on children’s tv. Ethnic minorities minorities are “ghettoized” in the mainstream media by only being in specialised programmes.

Question 4

Law breakers

Answer 4

• Hargrave (2002)- Black people were more than x2 likely as white people to be portrayed as criminals on TV.
• 2007 REACH report- black boys portrayed as criminals
• black crime more likely to be reported than black victims

Question 5

Black and Asians presented as:

Answer 5

• Posing a threat- i.e. Immigration
• Having no skills
• Having international Problems- GMG(2000), disasters and terrorism were main categories for news stories with little context

Question 6

White People

Answer 6

• privileged
• less likely to do crime, crimes less likely to be reported
• also described as failing
• Chavs
• troublemakers

Question 7

Asians

Answer 7

• Across lots media as the ‘smarter race’

- seen as the best at maths and science, basically the opposite to black to black

Question 8

Pluralists

Answer 8

see media representations of ethnicity as simply reflecting the news values of journalists, and providing material that media audience want

Cottle (2000) suggests that media representations of ethnicity encourage media audiences to construct a sense of their identity by defining who ‘we’ are in relation to who ‘we’ are not, in term of ‘us’ and ‘them’

Question 9

Negative representation in media

Answer 9

• 2007 report by the Mayor of London showed that, following research into one weeks coverage, 91% of articles in national newspapers about Muslims were negative
• Neo Marxists like GMG point to the way negative media representations are created through the white eyes of the media establishment and the ideology and news values of journalists

Question 10

Changing Ethnic Stereotypes

Answer 10

• Media stereotypes of black people and other ethnic minority groups are changing
• More policy commitments in television to recruit more peoples from ethnic minorities as presenters
• more Tv channels, websites, audio stations, DVDS and magazines targeted at black and Asian audiences.
• Abercrombie shows these changes are the most apparent in soaps like EastEnders and Coronation Street where black and Asian actors are now appearing more often as ordinary routine characters