Ethnic inequality

Question 1

Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups experience horizontal segregation

Workplace

Answer 1

• Barron and Norris- dual labour market theory- placed in the secondary labour market
• Heath and Cheung- over-represented in low-skilled, low paid, insecure service sector jobs (i.e. restaurant/retail)
• Paid less= Pakistani- 15.5% less than white british, Bangladeshi- 15.3% less

Question 2

Employment rates are lowest for Black African/Caribbean and Bangladeshi groups

Workplace

Answer 2

• Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) 2020= Bangladeshi men are 4x as likely as white men to work in shut-down sectors (concentration in restauarant sector- many self employed)
• Black African/Caribbean men are 50% more likely to work in shut down sectors than white men
• Comission on Race and Ethnic Disparities- 2010= Black Caribbeans employed was just under 60% vs White around 70% employed

Question 3

Bangladeshi groups are more likely to be unemployed/suffer financially as a result of employment inequalities

Workplace

Answer 3

• Comission on Race and Ethnic Disparities= 29% Bangladeshi wokring-age men work in a shut down sector and have an unemployed partner vs 1% of White British men
• Bangladeshis have limited savings to provide a financial buffer if laid off- around 30% live in households with enough to cover 1 month of income, vs nearly 60% of the population

Question 4

Indian groups are likely to be discriminated against in employment

Workplace

Answer 4

• Di Sasio and Heath- to receive a job interview, Indians had to send 1.9 letters for every 1 written by a White British person
• Friedman- unconscious bias- employers judge candidates based on cultural characteristics, i.e. dress, accent, name

Question 5

Chinese children are most likely to meet educational attainment goals

Education

Answer 5

• Comission of Race and Ethnic disparities found that Chinese/Indian groups have the highest % of children meeting attainment goals
• Archer and Francis= Chinese students are highest achieving ethnic group, reflecting the time, money, energy invested by parents into their children, and high aspirations

Question 6

Black children are least likely to meet educational attainment goals

Education

Answer 6

• Comission on Race and Ethnic Disparities= Gyspy/ Roma, Irish traveller, Black Caribbean groups have the lowest % of children meeting attainment goals
• Gilborn and Youdell- teachers have ‘racialised expectations’ of different ethnic groups- few are openly racist but processes operate against blakc students- many reported feeling disadvantaged and blamed more by teachers
• Vincent- teachers assume that black, middle class parents (high aspirations for their children) know less about their education and were less interested than white parents

Question 7

There are ethnic inequalities in offending rates- black people most likely to offend

Crime

Answer 7

• Cosmission on Race and Ethnic Disparities found black people are typically most overrepresented- arrested at a rate over 3x higher than white people in March 2020
• BBC- black people are 5x more likely to be stopped and searched than their white counterparts

Question 8

Inequality in crime statistics reflects institutional racism

Crime

Answer 8

• Townsley and Marshall interviewed London police and found that officers were more likely to stop cars containing young black people than cars containing young white people- explains the higher arrest rate
• BBC= 5x more likely to be stopped and searched

Question 9

Inequalities in victimisation of crime

Crime

Answer 9

• Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities= 142 racially motivated hate crimes occur per day
• Home Affairs Select Committee found that ethnic minority female MPs were particularly vulnerable to online harassment