Class inequality Flashcards

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1
Q

Individuals from a working class background are less likely to have a professional career than middle/upper classes

Workplace

A
  • Bordieau- w/c lack social (less professional contacts), economic (networking opportunities costing money) and cultural (accent, dress on getting a job) capital
  • W/c are 2.5x less likely to have a professional job
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2
Q

There is a pay gap in professional industries

Workplace

A
  • Social mobility commission found a class pay gap, in which those of a w/c background are paid 16% less
  • Freidman- a reason for the pay gap is unconcious discrimination, where opportunities/promotions are based on perceptions of who has the ‘right cultural fit’ (accent, lesiure, dress)
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3
Q

Class inequality in the workplace can be seen through differences in job security and work related benefits

Workplace

A
  • Barron and Norris suggest the ‘dual labour market theory’ divides occupations into 2 labour markets:
  • Primary labour market- professional jobs, high job security, opportunities for development, work related benefits (sick/holiday pay, pension)
  • Secondary labour marker- manual jobs, low job security, less opportunities, few benefits, zero hour contracts, poorer working conditions
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4
Q

There are high levels of income inequality in the workplace, based on class

Workplace

A
  • Amazon workers are paid £11 an hour vs Jeff Bezos (the owner) has a fortune of $120 billion. Those paid minimum wage are disadvantages as they struggle to afford basic necessities (vs upper/middle class)
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5
Q

There is evidence of a digital class divide

Helpser- digital social world

A
  • Helsper- digital underclass= those who cannot afford the latest technology, so cannot access the benefits (education, career, knowledge, services)
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6
Q

There is evidence of a digital class divide

Martens and D’Haenens- digital social world

A
  • Martens and D’Haenens- class has an impact on internt use- working class use the interent less than the middle class. W/C use interent for entertainment, rather than education- placed at a disadvantage
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7
Q

There are class inequalities in offending

Crime

A
  • The working class are over-represented in the prison population
  • Reiner says there is a working class bias in the prison population- 74% of prisoners were unemployed or in low paid, unskilled manual jobs
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8
Q

There may be a class bias in the process of policing and criminalisation

Crime

A
  • Chambliss- criminal acts are committed by all classes, but offending is comcentrated in the w/c, due to the way the police operate. Police resources are mostly dedicated to combating street crime, associated with the w/c (e.g. burgarly) vs few resources to white-collar crimes (e.g. tax fraud)
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9
Q

There are class inequalities in victimisation

Crime

A
  • High crime areas tend to be in deprived/inner neighbourhoods, populated by the w/c. Risk of being a victim of violent crime is linked to income
  • Kinsey (Merseyide crime survery)- people on low incomes suffer more than those on high incomes as a result of crime, as w/c may be unable to afford home insurance
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10
Q

There are class inequalities within education, according to the FSM data

Education

A

In 2022, 29% of FSM (free school meal) pupils achieved grade 5+ in GCSE english and maths vs 57% of non FSM pupils. Non FSM pupils are 2X as likely to pass
Smith and Noble- there is a lack of funds in low income families to pay for school resources (e.g. textbooks, laptops, tuition), which leads to kids falling behind. Covid- wealth-related differences led to decreases in educational resources. There is a link between low income kids and higher rates of abscence

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11
Q

Private school students are overrepresented in the top jobs

A

The Sutton Trust (2019) analysed educational backgrounds of 5,000 people in top jobs. 5X more likely to have been privately educated. Sir Peter Lampl- ‘increasingly divided society’. ‘Power rests within a narrow section of the population’= the 7% who attended private schools and 1% Oxford/Cambridge graduates

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