ethnic DEA - internal factors

Question 1

gillborn and youdell - racialised expectations

Answer 1

• teachers expected black pupils to present more discipline problems and misinterpreted their behaviour as threatening or as a challenge to authority
• when teachers acted on this misperception, the pupils responded negatively, bringing further conflict

Question 2

gillborn and youdell - educational triage

Answer 2

negative stereotypes about black pupils’ ability that some teachers hold means they’re more likely to be placed in lower sets or streams

Question 3

foster (1990)

Answer 3

teacher’s stereotypes of black pupils as badly behaved could result in them being placed in lower sets than others of a similar ability.
- streaming black pupils on the basis of negative stereotypes about their ability/behaviour can result in SFP of underachievement

Question 4

wright (1992)
- asian pupils

Answer 4

• study on multi ethnic primary school
• teachers assumed they would have a poor grasp of english, and left them out of class discussions or used simplistic, childish language to them
• asian pupils also felt isolated when teachers expressed disapproval of their customs or mispronounced their names
• teachers saw them as a problem they could ignore

Question 5

ideal pupil identity
- archer

Answer 5

• a white middle class, masculinised identity with normal sexuality. this pupil is seen as achieving in the ‘right’ way, through natural ability and initiative

Question 6

pathologised pupil identity

Answer 6

an asian ‘deserving poor’ feminisied identity, either asexual or with an oppressed sexuality. this pupil is seen as plodding, conformist and culture-bound overachiever, a slogger who achieves through hard work rather than natural ability

Question 7

demonised pupil identity

Answer 7

a black or white WC, hyper-sexualised identity. this pupil is seen as unintelligent, peer-led, culturally deprived under-achiever

Question 8

chinese pupils - archer

Answer 8

while succesful, chinese students were seen as having achieved success in the ‘wrong’ way - through hardworking, passive conformism rather than natural individual ability

Question 9

results of archer

Answer 9

even the successes of ethnic minorities will only be seen as ‘over-achievement’ - since ‘proper’ achievemnet is seen to be the natural preserve of the priveleged, whit mc ideal pupil

Question 10

fuller (1984)

Answer 10

• study of black y11 girls who were high achievers placed in low streams
• instead of accepting negative stereotypes, they didn’t seek approval, whilst still having a positive attitude to success
  — pupils may still succeed even when they refuse to confrom
  —- negative labelling doesn’t always lead to failure
• support from mac an ghaills research

Question 11

mirza (1992)

Answer 11

• racist teachers discouraged black pupils from being ambitious through the kind of advice they gave them about careers and option choices
• much of the girls’ time at school was spent trying to avoid the effects of teachers’ negative attitudes e.g being selective about what staff to ask for help from
• strategies put them at a disadvantage by restricting their opportunities, despite their high self esteem = unsuccessful

Question 12

sewell

Answer 12

identifies 4 responses to schooling, including racist stereotypes by teachers

Question 13

the rebels

Answer 13

• most visible and influential pupil, but small minority of black pupils
• rejected both goals and rules of school and expressed their opposition through peer group membership, conforming to ‘black macho lad’

Question 14

the conformists

Answer 14

• largest group
• keen to succeed, accepted school goals
• were anxious to being stereotyped by either teachers or peers

Question 15

the retreatists

Answer 15

tiny minority of isolated individuals who were disconnected from both school and black subcultures, and were despised by the rebels

Question 16

the innovators

Answer 16

• second largest group
• pro education but antischool
• distanced from conformists which allowed them to maintain credibility with the rebels

Question 17

gillborn (2008) - marketisation and segregation

Answer 17

• marketisation gives schools more scope to select pupils, it allows negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions
• e.g primary school reports were used to screen out pupils with language difficulties, while the application process was difficult for non-english speaking parents to understand

Question 18

the commission for racial inequality (1993)

Answer 18

racism in school admission procedures means that ethnic minority children are more likely to end up in unpopular schools:
- racist bias in interviews for school places
- em parents are often unaware of how the waiting list system works and the importance of deadlines

Question 19

ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 19

build a racial bias into the everyday workings of a school or college:
- languages, literature and music - mostly european languages taught
- history - ball: ignores ethnic diversity

Question 20

gillborn - assessment

Answer 20

• the assessment game is rigged so as to validate the dominant culture’s superiority
• if black children succeed as a group ‘ the rules will be changed to re-engineer failure

— e.g in one local authority where black children in 2000 has been the highest achievers on entry, by 2003 the new FSP had black children ranked lower than whites across all 6 developmental areas

Question 21

the ‘gifted and talented’ programme

Answer 21

gillborn points out that official statistics show that whites are over twice as likely as black carribbeans to be identified as gifted and talented, and five times more likely than black africans

Question 22

the new IQ ism

Answer 22

• teachers and policy makers make false assumptions about the nature of pupils’ ‘ability’ or ‘potential’
• they see potential as a fixed quality that can be easily measured - and once a pupils’ potential has been measured, they can be put into the ‘right’ set or stream
  —- creates an environment where EM pupils are routinely disadvantaged