education policies Flashcards
policies supporting marketisation
- 1988 Education Reform Act, conservative government, Grant Maintained schools, city technology colleges, formula funding, national curriculum, league tables, 1993-OFSTED inspections created
- specialist schools 1993, introduced by conservatives 1997 extended by new labour
- tuition fees 1998 newlabour, increased fees 2012 coalition
- academies act 2010 coalition
- free schools 2010 coalition
- english bacc 2010 coalition
- 1988 Education Reform Act, Grant Maintained schools, city technology colleges, formula funding, national curriculum, league tables, 1993-OFSTED inspections created
— Conservative govt
- creating GM schools and CTC’s created more choice for consumers
- formula funding meant that schools were allocated funds based on the number of pupils they were able to attract to their school. open enrolment meant they could choose where to send their children to school - not just based on which their nearest school
- ofsted reports and league tables meant that parents now has information about schools to make choices about where to send their children and schools had to compete with eachother for pupils.
- the idea was that this was to raise standards in schools as the best schools with the best ofsted reports and top of the league tables would attract more pupils (therefore more funding), schools at the bottom would have to improve or be in danger of closing
specialist schools
1993
introduced by conservatives 1997, extended by new labour
- labour continued the Conservative policy of specialist schools. they rejected the idea of ‘one size fits all’ comprehensive.
schools specialising in particular subject areas would provide diversity and choice within the educational marketplace, it would also increase competition and raise standards - in 1997, labour inherited 196 specialist schools from the conservatives. ten years later, there were over 2500 specialist schools - over 75% of schools
tuition fees, 1998, new labour
increased fees, 2012, coalition
- labour introduced tuition fees for higher education starting from sep1998- did so for expanding student numbers, improving facilities and allow universities to compete successfully with increasing global competition
- coalition govt raised limit on tuition fees in 2012 academic year - unis allowed to charge £9k. reasons were similar to new labour.- applications began to rise from low income families
academies act
2010
coalition
from 2010, all schools encouraged to become academies- funding was taken from local authority budget and given directly to academies by central govt, where they were given control over their curriculum
by 2017, over 68% of all secondary schools had converted to academy status
by the coalition allowing any school to become an academy, the focus on reducing inequality was removed
free schools
2010
coalition
- funded by state, ran by parents, teachers, faith organisations, businesses etc
- supporters claim they improge educational standards by taking control away from state and giving power to parents. claimed they give parents and teacjers the opportunity to create a new school if they are unhappy with state schools local
- allen: free schools only benefit children from highly educated families
- free schools take fewer disadvantaged
free schools
2010
coalition
*funded by state, set up and run by parents, teachers, faith organisations etc
*claimed to improve educational standards by taking control away from the state and giving power to parents.
*allen: free schools only benefit children from highly educated families
*in 2011, only 6.4% of pupils at bristol free school were eligible for FSM, compared with 22.5% across the city
EBacc
2010
coalition
accountability measure to show the amount of children who secure a grade 5 or above in english, maths, humanity and a language Gcse.
also regarded and subjects that keep the widest possible options open for young people
has encouraged young people to try and do well
policies aiming to creat equality
1944 education act
multicultural education
GIST and WISE
comprehensive schools
education action zones
sure start
aim higher
education maintenance allowance
pupil premium
1944 education act- labour
• increased free education for all children regardless of social class
•based on meritocratic ideals
•however, tripartite system and 11+ reproduced class inequality, MC children children channelled into grammar schools and WC channelled into secondary models - where they experience unequal opportunities
also legitimised inequalities by arguing that ability could be measured at 11 and ignoring the unequal life chanced different children start with
multicultural education
1980-1990s
conservative
aims to promote the achievements of children from minority ethnic groups by valuing all cultures in school curriculum, thereby raising minorities self esteem
• stone: however black pupils don’t fail for a lack of self esteem, so MCE is misguided
•critical race theorists: MCE is mere tokenism. it picks out stereotypical features of minority cultures for inclusion in the curriculum, but fails to tackle institutional racism
•new right: criticises MCE for perpetuating cultural divisions. they take view that education should promote a shared national culture and identity into which minorities should be assimilated
GIST and WISE
1984
conservative
both projects try to address gender differences in subject choice and encourage girls to choose sciences
in schools where projects were run, there was more female participation in stem subjects
comprehensive schools
introduced 1966
labour
• comprehensive school provides a single form of state secondary education for all - for students of all backgrounds and abilities who would be offered the same opportunities to obtain qualifications and training
• despite an improvement in the educational qualifications of all school leavers, class differences in educational attainment remain largely unchanged
education action zones
1998
new labour
•EAZs set up in 1998 to raise the motivation and attainment levels of underachieving students in deprived low income inner city areas. by 2003, there were 73 EAZs in england, funded by central govt with additional funding from business
•with these, there was some improvement in the standard at KS1, however no change KS3/GCSE results
sure start
1999
new labour
- targeted under 5s and their families living in the most deprived areas of england. aimed to improve their health, education and employment prospects. sure start is based on the idea that early intervention will have long term positive results
- mothers in surestart area reported a more stimulating home environment for their children. However, by end of labour’s time in office, benefits of surestart appeared ‘modest’
