Ethiopia

Question 1

(Incidence and patterns) malaria is endemic in what % of Ethiopia’s land?

Answer 1

75%

Question 2

(Incidence and patterns) how many people does it kill per year?

Answer 2

70 000

Question 3

(Incidence and patterns) is it evenly distributed?

Answer 3

No.

Malaria cases are highest in Western lowlands of Tigray, Amhara and Gambella

Question 4

(Incidence and patterns) when does malaria transmission peak?

Answer 4

After the rainy seasons between June- Nov

Question 5

(Incidence and patterns) what area is malaria free?

Answer 5

Central highlands

Question 6

(Incidence and patterns) incidence?

Answer 6

118/1000

Question 7

Environmental causes

Answer 7

In the Western lowlands, temperatures and humidity are continuously high and highlands have cooler temperatures which is why it is malaria free

Cooler temperatures slow the development of mosquitos and the plasmodium parasite

Question 8

Human causes: harvest time migration

Answer 8

Large scale, migration at harvest because people from the highlands go to the lowlands to plant crops

Migration coincides with rainy season

Harvesting continues into the evening and farmers sleep in the fields when mosquitos are most active

Question 9

Human causes: irrigation and urbanisation

Answer 9

Irrigation in Awash valley to cultivate rice has expanded breeding grounds

Urbansiation has also expanded breeding grounds

Question 10

Human causes: drug resistance

Answer 10

Plasmodium parasite is becoming increasingly drug resistant.

The last anti malaria drugs were made 50 years ago

Question 11

Socio economic impacts: who was the hardest hit by malaria?

Answer 11

The poor because they live in poorly built accomodation with few barriers to mosquitos

Question 12

Socio economic impacts: absenteeism and economic growth

Answer 12

Causes absenteeism which hampers economic growth

Working age people lose 3.4 productive working days due to malaria

Costs sub saharan Africa $12 bn in lost in production per yr

Question 13

Socio economic impacts: healthcare

Answer 13

Absorbs 40% of national health expenditure

Accounts for 10% of hospital admissions and 12% of clinic visits

Often overwhelms health services and damages tourism

Question 14

Socio economic impacts: food security implications

Answer 14

The highlands are overpopulated which has caused the land to be overexploited and the lowlands are very fertile but have lots of malaria

This means that highlanders are prone to suffering from famines e.g. 1984 which killed 2.4 million

Question 15

Strategies to control/treat malaria as a PMI focus country

Answer 15

Procured 3.5 million insecticide treated nets

Protected 1.7 million through indoor residual spraying

Recieved $339.9 million in funding

Question 16

Strategies to control/treat malaria: other treatment methods

Answer 16

Use of chloroquine is becoming ineffective due to growing resistance

+70% of households in malaria endemic areas were protected by insecticide treated nets or indoor residual spraying