ETHICS PRINCIPLES Flashcards
Refers to a fundamental rule of moral law containing certain truth from which knowledge of a definite moral action for performance proceeds along with the provision of solution to specific moral problem or issue.
ethics principle / moral principle
importance of ethics principles:
1. To allow health professionals to determine ___ and ___
2. From these principles, the rules found in professional ___
were derived.
right and wrong;
code of ethics
autos means
self
nomos means
governance, rules, law
a form of personal liberty where the individual is free to choose and
implement his decisions
autonomy
Qualifications needed to exercise autonomy:
1. capacity to ___ the issue and what the situation is all about
2. capacity to ___ and give one’s own ____
3. capacity to ___ by weighing the pros and cons of the issue
4. capacity to make an ___
understand
reason out; opinion
deliberate
independent choice or decision
prior to any substantial information or research participation, clients
must have full information of:
a. what the procedure is all about
b. the objectives
c. the needs
d. the advantages
e. alternative measures
f. positive and negative outcomes of the procedure
informed consent
Consent forms are legal documents – ___ (1st hand evidence) in court cases
prima facie
4 elements of informed consent
competence
voluntariness
disclosure
permission giving
what does a nurse do when the pt is not in his right sense when obtaining consent?
Patients in coma, unconscious or incapable of making a decision
get the family or relative
what does a nurse do when the pt is not in his right sense when obtaining consent?
In instances when there are no close relatives and decisions must be made
health professionals
what does a nurse do when the pt is not in his right sense when obtaining consent?
minors
get the parents and the family
true or false - In certain cultures, a patient even if competent, expects and trusts a specific
relative to be the consent giver
true
2 functions of informed consent:
protective
participative
to safeguard against tension of integrity
protective
to be involved in health-care decision-making
participative
3 types of informed consent:
implied
verbal
written
consent – for routine procedures (medications, bed bath, physical
examination)
implied
consent for treatments that do not carry significant risks
verbal
consent for treatments/procedures that are complex and carry a higher risk
written
means that a person has the right to keep personal information secret.
privacy
when the health care professional does not disclose to others his/her patient’s personal/private information
confidentiality
3 situations where confidentiality can be broken
if a patient consents
for the best interest of the patient
for the best interest of the public
✓ truthfulness and candor
✓ patient must tell the truth in order that appropriate care can be provided
✓ the health professional needs to disclose factual information so that patient can exercise
personal autonomy
veracity
obligation to act in good faith, keep vows and promises and maintains relationship and fiduciary responsibility
fidelity
– the contract of relationship a health professional enter into with a patient
fiduciary responsibility
true or false - contract of care – can withdraw care without endorsement/referral with others
false - you cannot, otherwise it is a breach of fidelity
◦ rendering of what is one’s due
◦ evokes fairness, entitlement, what is deserved, due, equitable or appropriate in society determined by norms
justice
Obligations of health care practitioners:
- ___ of life and health
- ___ of bodily integrity from harm
- ___ for human dignity
preservation
protection
respect
– distributing society’s benefits and burdens to its members
- problems arise under conditions of scarcity and competition
- when supply is limited, more should be given to the one who needs most and the one who will be most benefited to attain quality of life.
distributive justice
how to allocate scarce resources
utilitarian
egalitarian
Maximizing strategies to achieve the greatest amount of good or minimizing strategies to reduce amount of potential harm
utilitarian alternative
– for those whose treatment has the highest probability of medical success
medical success principle
– for those who have immediate service to the larger group under
circumstances
principle of immediate usefulness
– for those who require proportionally smaller amount of resources, thus, more lives
will be saved
principle of conservation
for those who have the highest responsibility to dependents
parental role principle
– for those believed to have greatest general social worth, thus leading to the good of society
principle of general social value
Maintaining or restoring the quality of the person in need
egalitarian alternative
no one should receive any because there are no enough resources for all in need
principle of saving no one
– for those with most pressing medical problems
principle of medical neediness
to the most helpless or generally neediest
principle of general neediness
for those who arrive first; most practical
principle of first come first serve basis
through lottery ( by chance or random)
principle of random selection
Conflict of right; paying attention to one would mean violation of other
collision of rights
what to do when there is conflict of right
more universal order
graver matter
stronger title or claim
◦ Actions done for the good of others
◦ Goes hand on hand with benevolence and provenance
◦ Suggests acts of mercy, kindness and charity
◦ A virtue of being inclined to do good and act for the benefit of others
beneficence
“We are not morally required to give benefits to persons on all occasions, even if we are in the position to do so. Beneficence is plain goodness to others without going out of our ways.”
obligatory beneficence
emergency care to one who is hovering between life and death
ideal beneficence
◦ Not to inflict harm intentionally; prevention of harm and removal of all harmful conditions
non-maleficence
“I will never use treatment to injure or wrong the sick.”
hippocratic oath
“I will abstain from whatever is deleterious or mischievous and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug.”
florence nightingale pledge
➢ One ought to prevent evil or harm
➢ One ought to remove evil or harm
➢ One ought to do or promote
good
➢ Maximizes benefits
beneficence
➢ One ought not to inflict evil or harm
➢ Minimizes risk
non-maleficence
When are withholding and withdrawing treatments justified?
1.When the case is ___ and any form of treatment will not ___ the patient
2.When ___ is imminent or when patient is already ___.
irreversible; benefit
death; dead
Means to end life earlier than its natural schedule
killing
Allowing patient to die by not
administering any hastening element
letting go
It is morally permissible to do an act with both good and bad effects i
double effect
◦ Working with another in the performance of an action
principle of legitimate cooperation
elements of principle of legitimate cooperation
- magnitude of the function played
- essentiality of the action
- gravity of the act partaken
true or false - There is no question of morality if the action performed is good
true
If the action performed is evil, ___ comes in
moral dilemma
with explicit intention and willingness for the evil act
formal cooperation
– an act other than the evil act itself but facilitates and contributes to its achievement
material cooperation
direct participation in the performance of an evil act; openly, straightforwardly cooperation
in the practice of an evil act; may also constitute formal cooperation; conspicuously immoral like the formal cooperation
direct cooperation
– an act that is not intimately connected with the performance of an evil act as in formal and
direct cooperation but whose effect may have an indirect bearing upon it; may incur lesser culpability or can be morally excused depending upon the bearing upon the evil act and the intention of the one indirectly cooperating.
indirect cooperation
– consists of an act that is intimately linked with the performance of an evil action due to its close bearing; in a way, constitutes material cooperation ; like material cooperation, may be morally excused.
proximate cooperation
consists of an act with a distant bearing upon or connection with the execution of an evil
act; may have a lesser accountability or morally excused as the case may be
remote cooperation
Means that what an individual, lower or smaller groups can achieve within his/her capacity should not be taken away and transmitted to the custody and performance of a higher or bigger group and vice versa.
principle of common good and subsidiarity
warns those in power and holding positions in the society or in an organization to practice the
virtue of justice and careful decisions in the promulgation of laws and policies lest rights incumbent upon individual persons or groups be absorbed or trampled upon
principle of common good and subsidiarity
Expression of one’s responsibility to take care of, nurture and cultivate what has been entrusted to us (all
creation)
◦ Can be personal, social, ecological, biomedical
principle of stewardship
principle of stewardship: In health care, execution of responsibility to:
- look after
- provide necessary health care services
- promote health and life of those entrusted to the care of health professionals
The existence of parts indicates the existence of the whole
principle of totality
- – should be connected to the whole of which they are parts (without which they cease to be)
PART
PART: if it becomes problematic = ??
it affects the whole
PART: - if it poses threat to do more harm than good leading to the destruction of the whole = ???
it is morally permissible that it be removed and sacrificed for the sake of the whole
the whole is greater than any of its parts
whole
WHOLE: - if the sick part serves as a fatal threat to the whole
the whole is more important than the diseased part
