Ethics - Module 15-18 (1) Flashcards
For him, the ultimate purpose cannot be understood without understanding the place of reason in ordering one’s life.
Aristotle
According to Aristotle, it is the highest good attainable by man
Self-Realization
Self-realization is termed as ____ or well-being or happiness.
Eudaemonia
refers to fulfilling, realizing, actualizing, and developing one’s nature with all its potentials
full realization of functions
It is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue
Eudaemonia
Threefold Nature of Man accd to Aristotle
Vegetative, Sentient, Rational
it refers to the physical body which is cultivated by wholesome food and proper exercise
Vegetative
It involves sensual feelings and emotions , whichmust be fully developed through appropriate sex activity within the limit of his social conventions.
Sentient
one develops this nature in the pursuit of scientific knowledge. philosophical truth, political activity, religious commitment, and creative, artistic endeavor.
Rational
It is central in the self- realization ethics of Aristotle, especially in the full exercise of functions regarding the development of man’s vegetative and sentient nature.
Doctrine of the Golden Mean
According to St. Thomas, the source of the moral law is ____
reason
St. Thomas used this term to describe this inherent capacity of an individual to perceive what is good or bad.
synderesis
The voice of reason is also called the ____, which refers to the immediate judgment of practical reason applying the general principle of morality.
conscience
He asserts that what is human good is which is suitable for and proper to human nature
St. Thomas
Accd. to him, morality is not merely a matter of knowing the good but actually doing the good habitually
Aristotle
For St. Thomas, it is the proximate norm of morality
Human Nature
Three Natural Inclinations of Man
Self-preservation, Just Dealings with Others, Propagation of the Species
. This urges us to care for our health, not to kill ourselves or put ourselves in danger
Self-Preservation
This is the basis of justice which arises out of human relations. Thus, any act of injustice is against human nature.
Just dealings with others
We are obligated not to pervert this natural inclination
Propagation of the Species
Determinants of Morality
Object, Circumstances, End of Agent
It is considered as the Act itself
Object
These are conditions which, when superadded to the nature of the moral act, will affect its morality.
Circumstances
It answers the question of who, what, where, by what means, why, how and when
Circumstances
It is taken in the sense of end or purpose of the agent or the doer
End of the Agent
Accd to the Kantian theory, right and wrong is determined by ____, giving universal duties
rationality
a Non-consequentialist moral theory
Kantianism
Accd to this theory, there is “the supreme principle of morality”
Kantian Theory
The basic idea is that we should adopt as action-guiding rules only those that can be universally accepted
Principle of Universability
connected to Kantianism and are Non-consequentialist
right-based views,
It is one in which the corresponding duty requires positive action, e.g., giving a charitable donation in order to sustain someone’s right to life, shelter, education, etc.
Positive Right
It is one in which the corresponding duty merely requires refraining from doing something that will harm someone.
Negative Right
a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies.
Utilitarianism
it moves beyond the scope of one’s own interests and takes into account the interests of others
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham’s Principle of Utility
Recognizes the fundamental role of pain and pleasure in human life, Approves or disapproves of action on the basis of the amount of pain or pleasure brought about i.e, consequences, Equates good with pleasure and evil with pain, and Asserts that pleasure and pain are capable of quantification
What are Bentham’s criteria In measuring pleasure and pain
Intensity, Duration, Certainty/Uncertainty, and Nearness/Farness (also includes fecundity and purity)
In the context of Bentham’s principle of utility, in considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for its ____
Extent
According to John Stuart Mill, utilitarianism refers to ___
the Greatest Happiness Principle
applying the principle of utility to PARTICULAR ACTIONS
act-utilitarianism
applying the principle of utility to General Rules
rule-utilitarianism
In here, the principle of utility is applied directly to each alternative act in a situation of choice
Act-Utilitarianism
In here, the principle of utility is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct (moral principles)
Rule-Utilitarianism
the world-wide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
Globalization
intensification of worldwide relationships which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa
Globalization
It is the stress on trans-nationalization of the connections taking place in the world today.
Globalization
s defined as a form of an applied ethics that examines moral principles concerning business environment
Business Ethics
What are some issues related to business Ethics?
duplication/ imitation of products, child labor, money laundering, environmental issues
