Ethics - Module 10-14 (1) Flashcards
foundation of morality
reason
ability of the mid to think, understand, and form judgments
Reason
It is an innate and exclusive human ability that utilizes new or existing information as bases to consciously make sense out of thing while applying logic
Reason
It is also associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect
Reason
According to De Guzman, this spells the difference of moral judgments from the mere expressions of personal preference.
Reason
In focusing on attitudes and feelings, both ___ fail to accomplish this important thing.
Emotivism and Subjectivism
It manifests objectivity, the quality of being unbiased and objective in creating moral decision
Impartiality
involves the idea that each individual’s interest and point of view are equally important
Impartiality
Impartiality is also called?
evenhandedness or fair-mindedness
principle of justice holding that decisions ought to be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefits to one person over another for improper reasons
Impartiality
a response to stimuli based on past experiences which is made instinctively
Emotion
a form of personal justification which changes from person to person based on their own ethical and moral code, as well as prior experience
Reason
result of logical analysis through which we first analyze someone’s behavior, make an appropriate judgment, and then feel whichever is called for, respect or contempt
Emotion
Feeling-Based Theories in Ethics
Ethical Subjectivism and Emotivism
This theory basically utter runs contrary to the principle that there is objectivity in morality.
Ethical Subjectivism
Fundamentally a meta-ethically theory, it is not about what things are good and what are things are bad. Instead, it is a theory about the nature or moral judgments
Ethical Subjectivism
m holds that there are no objective moral properties and that ethical statements are in fact arbitrary because they do not express immutable truths.
Ethical Subjectivism
Different variants under ethical subjectivism
Simple Subjectivism, Individualist Subjectivism, Moral/Ethical Relativism, and Ideal Observer Theory
the view that ethical statements reflect sentiments, personal preferences and feelings rather than objective facts.
Simple Subjectivism
the view (originally put forward by Protagoras) that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are individuals in the world.
Individualist Subjectivism
maintains that every human being ought to pursue what is in his or her self-interest exclusively
Egoism
It is effectively a form of egoism
Individualist Subjectivism
the view that for a thing to be morally right is for it to be approved of by society, leading to the conclusion that different things are right for people in different societies and different periods in history
Moral Relativism
the view that what is right is determined by the attitudes that a hypothetical ideal observer would have
Ideal Observer Theory
refers to a theory about moral judgments, sentences, words, and speech acts, and is sometimes extended to cover aesthetic and other nonmoral forms of evaluation.
Emotivism
the name of only the earliest version of ethical noncognitivism
Emotivism
the most popular form of non-cognitivism
Emotivism
meta-ethical theory that claims that ethical sentences do not convey authentic propositions
Non-cognitivism
precepts for making right decisions accd to Pillemer & Wheeler (2010)
Don’t accept the problem as given, Listen to both your heart and head, Watch your language, Take special care in dimly lit places, Be modest about your virtue, Understand why others transgress, Don’t give up on yourself (or on others)
seven-step moral reasoning model
Stop and think, Clarify Goals, Determine Facts, Develop options, Consider Consequences, Choose, Monitor and Modify
faculty or process of drawing logical syllogism
Reason
process of drawing out conclusion from the previous knowledge
Reasoning
According to Immanuel Kant, it is the power of producing into oneness, by means of understandable theories, the concepts that are provided by the intellect or the mind.
reason
three points in Kant’ reason
the relation of reason to empirical truth, reason’s role in scientific inquiry, and the positive gains that come from appreciating reason’s limits
a force to pursue what one possesses in mind
good will
a faculty of the mind that at the moment of decision is always present
will
source of reason
good will
the system through which we determine right and wrong conduct
Morality
Philosophical study of morality
Ethics
a structured set of statements used to explain (or predict) a set of facts or concepts
Theory
explains why a certain action is wrong – or why we ought to act in certain ways.
Moral Theory
provide the framework upon which we think and discuss in a reasoned way, and to evaluate, specific moral issues
Moral theory
Theories of Morality
Moral Subjectivism, Cultural relativism, Ethical Egoism, Divine Command Theory, Virtue Ethics, Feminist Ethics, Utilitarianism, Kantian Theory, Contractarianism
It is where right or wrong are determined by what you – the subject – just happens to think (or ‘feel’) is right or wrong. This is simply based on your personal assessment and judgment.
Moral subjectivism
amounts to the denial of moral principles of any significant kind, and the possibility of moral criticism and argumentation.
Moral Subjectivism
In this theory, Right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules the relevant culture just happens to hold at the time
Cultural relativism
This is also based on the idea that different people have different cultures that are why right or wrong is based on how one’s culture dictates morality
Cultural relativism
In this theory, Right and wrong is determined by what is in your self-interest. Or, it is immoral to act contrary to your self-interest.
Ethical Egoism
In this theory, Right and wrong come from the commands of God (or the gods)
Divine Command Theory
In this theory, Right and wrong are characterized in terms of acting in accordance with the traditional virtues – making a good person
Virtue Ethics
In this theory, Right and wrong are to be found in women’s responses to the relationship of caring
Feminist Ethics
In this theory, Right and wrong is determined by the overall goodness (utility) of the consequences of the action.
Utilitarianism
the highest good/end
summum bonum
characterized as the ideal of working towards the greatest happiness of the greatest number
Principle of Utility’ ( ‘The Greatest Happiness Principle’)
In this theory, Right and wrong are determined by rationality, giving universal duties.
Kantian Theory
In this theory, the principles of right and wrong (or Justice) are those which everyone in society would agree upon in forming a social contract.
Contractarianism
