Ethics & Legal Issues

Question 1

What is the difference between ethics & law?

Answer 1

ethics

• not produced by legislation
• enforcement informal & complex (e.g disapproval)

Question 2

An ethical psychologist should recognize the limits of their:

Answer 2

COMPETENCE (ethical use issues)

Question 3

Informed consent is generally always explicitly stated, except for when: (2)

Answer 3

1) it is implied (school tests)

2) legal reasons (criminals)

Question 4

Ethically, the results of a test must be fully disclosed without disclosing:

Answer 4

TEST material

Question 5

Why shouldn’t test material be disclosed? (2)

Answer 5

1) test private property

2) make test useless

Question 6

What does PIPEDA (Personal Info Protection & Electronic Act) state about test results?

Answer 6

• access to test can be denied if it means revealing info

Question 7

What does OPHIA (ON Personal Health Info Act) state about test results?

Answer 7

• right to see test don’t apply unless they are SEVERABLE

Question 8

What does the CPA (CDN Psych Association) say about test material disclosure?

Answer 8

• test material NOT personal info therefore should not be released

Question 9

Test security is important because:

Answer 9

it protects test integrity

Question 10

When is a test/test results revealed?

Answer 10

only to other professionals when necessary (TESTS CONFIDENTIAL)

Question 11

Even tho tests are automated in terms of scoring, they still need to be:

Answer 11

INTERPRETED by human psychologists

Question 12

Should you report a child with an uncommon disorder as a child with a common disorder so they can get resources?

Answer 12

NO

• *good intentions do not justify bad actions
• trust in tests lost

Question 13

If the characteristic you are measuring is stable, the test will only be good for a limited amount of time. (T/F)

Answer 13

FALSE

Question 14

If If the characteristic you are measuring is NOT stable, then what is needed?

Answer 14

A REASON for measuring it (e.g state anxiety)

Question 15

Will the value of test results still be true next year?

Answer 15

NOT ALWAYS - ppl can acquire skills

Question 16

Can we decide if the best available test is good enough based solely on psychometric properties?

Answer 16

NO

Question 17

What is the difference b/w actuarial and clinical judgement? Which is a better predictor?

Answer 17

actuarial (stats/formulas) vs. clinical judgement (psychologist assessment)
*** actuarial better predictor

Question 18

Should we use actuarial OR clinical judgement?

Answer 18

BOTH - actuarial better but still need someone to take legal responsibility

Question 19

What are the drawbacks of actuarial judgement?

Answer 19

• assessment not tailored to individual (vs. clinical)

- everyone with same test score gets same result

Question 20

What are the drawbacks of clinical judgement?

Answer 20

• not comparative; more subjective

- sometimes ppl with same score do have same result (most times)

Question 21

Why is standardization a bad thing?

Answer 21

dehumanization

Question 22

Why is standardization a good thing?

Answer 22

can calculate probability

Question 23

Is psychology covered under OHIP? Why/why not?

Answer 23

NO - psychiatrists using clinical judgement to determine if it should be or not

Question 24

Why is graphology a bad test?

Answer 24

LOW validity
auto: r = 0.09 (less than 1%)
non-auto: r = 0.16 (2%)

vs. HIGH validity for (g) and structured interviews

Question 25

Why are results skewed for autobiographical writing analysis in graphology?

Answer 25

b/c gives info about person in content

Question 26

Which is more useful: autobiographical or non-autobiographical writing analysis in graphology?

Answer 26

NON AUTO but have least evidence for validity

Question 27

Why is TOEFL a bad test?

Answer 27

distorted picture of validity tests

Question 28

What is TOEFL and why is it used?

Answer 28

Test Of English as a Foreign Language, admission into CDN unis

Question 29

Which correlation studies does TOEFL ignore?

Answer 29

1) TOEFL scores vs. teacher's rating on ability | 2) TOEFL scores vs. oral inteviews

Question 30

What type of validity is looked at on the TOEFL and which is ignored?

Answer 30

concurrent validity (not predictive validity)

Question 31

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 31

when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated

Question 32

How is criterion validity skewed in TOEFL?

Answer 32

compares with a parallel form of itself

Question 33

Why do native english speaker do better on the TOEFL in terms of construct validity?

Answer 33

- more highly selected - no test anxiety - cut off score LOWER

Question 34

How can the TOEFL be improved according to Dr. Simmner?

Answer 34

1) do not make decision based solely on TOEFL 2) no rigid cutoffs 3) consider English lvl's required for field of study 4) consider room for improvement in language skills (resources to improve)

Question 35

Why is the CPA code of ethics not a good guide?

Answer 35

vague

Question 36

What are the 4 principles on the CPA code of ethics?

Answer 36

1) Respect for the Dignity of Persons 2) Responsible Caring 3) Integrity in Relationships 4) Responsibility to Society

Question 37

What does the Respect for the Dignity of Persons state in the CPA code of ethics?

Answer 37

- shouldn't mess with ppls lives for own benefit

Question 38

What does Responsible Caring state in the CPA code of ethics?

Answer 38

only do such that will benefit & no harm (well obviously??)

Question 39

What does Integrity in Relationships state in the CPA code of ethics?

Answer 39

must always be open & straight forward (duh)

Question 40

What does Responsibility to Society state in the CPA code of ethics?

Answer 40

psychologists don't have responsibility diff than other ppl | - sometimes sacrifice welfare of others to benefit others (welfare of ISIS?)

Question 41

What are the issues with the CPA's caveat (warning)?

Answer 41

- even with principles, psychologists faced with ethical dilemmas * this is when we would WANT a good code of ethics * think you are doing the right thing with a vague code (Death Camps)