Ethics, Legal Institutions and the Canadian Healthcare System Flashcards
1
Q
what are moral principles?
A
standards that establish what is right
2
Q
what are ethics?
A
a set of morals that govern one’s course of action
3
Q
who provides a code of ethics for MRT’s
A
CAMRT and CMRITO
4
Q
what is deontology?
A
something is always right or wrong, i.e. stealing is always wrong no matter the circumstances
5
Q
what is consequentialism?
A
does the ends justify the means, ethical dilemmas, i.e. can you steal a loaf of bread to feed your family
6
Q
CAMRT Code of ethics
A
- patient-centered care
- maintaining competence
- evidence-based and reflective practice
- providing a safe environment
- acting with professional integrity
7
Q
CMRITO Code of Ethics
A
- responsibility to the public
- responsibility to the patients
- responsibility to the profession
- responsibility to colleagues and other health professionals
- personal responsibility
8
Q
what is the Hippocratic oath?
A
guides physicians to heal others, avoid causing any injury and to keep information confidential
9
Q
what is the nuremberg code of 1946?
A
- stressed the importance of consent
- medical experiments should be for the good of society
10
Q
what is bioethics?
A
ethical issues arising from advances in medical procedures and technologies
11
Q
what are examples of bioethics?
A
- With the ability to prolong life after the brain has lost function, when is it appropriate to stop treatment, if at all?
- Medical Assistance in Dying
- Abortion
- Stem-cell research
- Cloning
- Xenotransplantation
12
Q
what are laws?
A
rules of conduct created by a group of legislators
- a way to enforce common moral standards amongst the population
13
Q
legal institutions in Canada
A
- Criminal Court
- Civil Court
- Coroner’s Court
- Disciplinary Boards
14
Q
what is Criminal Court?
A
- Federal jurisdiction
- For acts that violate the Criminal Code
- May or may not involve a jury
- Convictions require evidence proving crime beyond reasonable doubt
- Victim is a witness
15
Q
What is Civil Court?
A
- For cases that involve disputes between private parties
- May or may not involve a jury
- Both parties provide evidence to support their arguments
- less proof is required for conviction
- victim is compensated
16
Q
what is the rule of law in Canada?
A
common law system - except in Quebec
- decisions based on precedents from previous years
17
Q
what is Tort law?
A
- a form of civil law
- deals with wrongful acts that lead to damages to another person, for which another person can be held responsible
- can be unintentional or intentional
18
Q
what are intentional torts?
A
- assualt
- battery
- false imprisonment
- defamation
- trespassing
- invasion of privacy
- fraud
19
Q
intentional torts as an MRT?
A
- assault
- battery
- immobilizing patients against their will
- causing extreme distress through improper conduct
- violating confidentiality
- fraud
20
Q
what are unintentional torts?
A
negligence
21
Q
what is negligence?
A
failure to exercise appropriate care
- malpractice is professional negligence
22
Q
what does negligence require?
A
requires the following to not be met:
- duty of care
- standard of care
- causation/remoteness
- quantifiable damages
23
Q
malpractice as an MRT
A
- not properly confirming the identity of the patient
- improperly making images
- improper positioning
- not using shielding - for patient or those helping with the procedure
- improper handling of equipment during procedures
- leaving a patient alone
- not taking actions to prevent the patient falling
- failure to report abuse
24
Q
coroners court
A
- investigate unexplained or suspicious deaths
- inquest
- witnesses are examined - family, coworkers, healthcare workers and records and police
- features a five person jury in Ontario
- coroner and jury may make recommendations after delivering verdict
- more investigative than adversarial
- no one is on trial
25
what is a coroner?
a medical doctor specializing in death investigation
26
what 5 questions must be answered in coroners court?
- who
- when
- where
- how
- by what means
27
what is inquest?
a public hearing on the circumstances of a death
28
coroners court investigative more than adversarial
- often used to create recommendations to improve public safety
- not designed to judge criminal or civil liability
29
in coroners court is any one on trial?
no one is on trial
- can lead to criminal or civil cases
30
disciplinary boards
- investigations are made into complaints against health professions
- hearing may be required if an allegation is made
- panel of 3-5 members of the committee
- may be an open or closed hearing
- evidence and witnesses are heard
- board makes finings about conduct of the accused
31
who holds disciplinary hearings?
CMRITO - disciplinary committee
32
what can disciplinary hearings result in?
- fines
- suspension or revocation fo licence
- limitations placed on practice
- reprimanded
- nothing
33
what is harassment?
- covers a wide range of offensive behaviours
- involves aggressive pressure or intimidation
34
what are the 4 categories of harassment?
- physical
- emotional
- sexual
- workplace
35
physical harassment
- physical methods or coercing, threatening or bullying
- can be assault or battery
- stalking is a form of physical harassment
36
emotional harassment
- comments, jokes and constant criticism
- display of offensive images
- attempts to lower the person's self-esteem or humiliating them
37
sexual harassment
- unwelcoming conduct of a sexual nature: touching, comments, jokes, innuendos, gestures, leering, display of explicit images or videos for others to see
- demanding or expecting acts of a sexual nature
38
workplace harassment
- threatening, belittling or humiliating behaviour in the workplace
- can be from one person or done as a group
- can be emotional
- can be physical/sexual
39
workplace violence
- can come from patients, coworkers, superiors and partners
- be alert for any signs of potential violence from your patients
40
1867 constitution act
set out division of powers between federal and provincial governments
41
provincial government
- establishing, maintaining and managing hospitals
- healthcare for general public
42
federal government
- healthcare for First Nations on reserves, Inuit, armed forces, inmates in federal positions and some refugee claimants
- maritime hospitals
- quarantines
43
when was Canadian healthcare privately funded until?
1947
44
what is the Saskatchewan hospitalization act in 1946?
created public funding for hospital care in the province
45
hospital insurance and diagnostic services act (1957)
50% reimbursement for provinces/territories funding hospital services
46
medical care act (1966)
50% reimbursement for medical services from a doctor outside of hospitals
47
Canada Health Act
- sets standard that provincial/territorial insurance plans must meet to get funding through Canada Health Transfer
48
public administration of Canada Health Act
healthcare plans must be operated on a non-profit basis by a public authority
49
comprehensiveness of Canada Health Act
must insure all medically necessary services provided by hospitals, physicians or dentists
50
universality of Canada Health act
provinces and territories must cover all residents
51
portability of Canada Health act
plans must cover residents when they travel within Canada
52
Accessibility of Canada Health Act
must provide reasonable access to medical care based on medical need
53
Canadian Health Transfer
- funding
- distributed on a per-capita basis
- conditional on the provinces/territories adhering to standards
54
equalization payments
- do not have to be spent on healthcare
- based on amount the province's fiscal capacity is below average
55
operating budget
the cost of providing services
- worker salaries, materials and supplies, etc.
- As an MRT, you should be monitoring stock levels appropriately and avoid wasting materials
56
capital budget
funds allocated for purchasing assets
- as an MRT, this applies to purchasing new medical imaging equipment
57
Health Canada
- the federal government department responsible for public health
- oversees and administers the Canada Health Act
- overseen by the minister of health
58
who is the current minister of health of Canada?
Kamal Kherma
59
what are the primary responsibilities of health Canada?
set principles and standards so that quality healthcare is available to all Canadians
- provide healthcare to certain population groups
- regulates certain products
- provides funding for health research, promotion and protection
60
which population groups does health Canada provide healthcare for?
- first nations on reserves
- inuit
- serving members of Canadian forces and eligible veterans
- inmates in federal prisons
- some groups of refugee claimants
61
health Canada regulates which products
- Food
- Consumer products
- Pharmaceuticals
- Cosmetics
- Chemicals
- Pesticides
- Medical devices
- Radiation-emitting devices
62
provincial health system?
- each province is responsible for administering healthcare; 13 different insurance plans for residents (Medicare)
- provincial minister of health
63
who is the Ontario minister of health?
Sylvia Jones
64
Ontario health
- agency in charge of healthcare administration
- 58 health teams
65
emerging issues in Canadian health care
- wait times
- hospital overcrowding and "hallway medicine"
- short-staffing and burnout
- concerns with AI technologies
- racism
- privatization of health care
