Ethics + Law Flashcards

Question

What is value judgement?

Answer 1

held to be true but empirical evidence/inference cannot establish truth or falsity

Answer 2

provide accurate + truthful information facilitate informed consent maintain confidentiality

Answer 3

may be overridden by other concerns, for example notifiable diseases, safeguarding concerns

Answer 4

doctor-patient relationship viewed as contract confidentiality = part of contract breach confidentiality = breach contract duty of confidentiality may conflict with other duties (legal obligations/moral concerns)

Answer 5

malicious intent (including gossip) benefit to an individual (patient themselves, their family, another person) benefitting someone else/wider public (eg. notifiable diseases)

Answer 6

``` reliability trustworthiness professionalism integrity honesty beneficence non-maleficence ```

Answer 7

loss of trust in that doctor general distrust of medical profession anger/distress to patient

Answer 8

beneficence - good for individual non-maleficence - unvaccinated = at risk of harm utilitarian - 'herd immunity' = general reduced suffering justice - compromising herd immunity by refusing to be vaccinated or vaccinate own child = not fair to others

Answer 9

autonomy - individual's right to choose for themselves/their children fear of 'other kinds of harm' - astrazeneca blood clot/wakefield MMR distrust of medical profession distrust of 'big pharma' vehemence (sometimes violence) of some 'anti-vaxxers'

Answer 10

public health vs individual liberty

Answer 11

harm vs benefit - will vaccine benefit child?, will it harm child? knowledge vs belief - do you know that the vaccine is safe? trust - is doctor, via drug company, getting money/incentives for vaccinating? individual vs population vs patient autonomy - why should I risk my child for the sake of herd immunity?

Answer 12

certificate to permit access to some venues or transport etc refusal to admit those without a passport not everyone can be vaccinated might lead to some 'collateral damage' - alienating patients from health services + professions, discrimination against groups or those refusing vaccination some might feel compelled to get vaccinated

Answer 13

action of bringing about a death, especially of a person who requests it as a release from incurable disease - any form of euthanasia = illegal

Answer 14

If doing something morally good has a morally bad side-effect, it is ethically OK to do providing the bad side-effect was not intended True even if foresaw bad side-effect would happen Eg. Morphine: decreases respiratory rate, sedates + may hasten death → but helps reduce pain

Answer 15

irreversible loss of consciousness, combined with the irreversible loss of capacity to breathe

Answer 16

irreversible cessation of integrative function of the brain stem equates with death…and allows the medical practitioner to diagnose death

Answer 17

Medical Certificate as to the Cause of Death Enables family to register death Provides info on how/why patient died Informs research into health effects of exposure to a wide range of risk factors Direct cause on line 1a + work back with factors/conditions that led to that

Answer 18

Foetus does not acquire any legal rights until it is capable of surviving independently from its mother

Answer 19

rights to a child born handicapped to sue in negligence in limited circumstances → mother exempted

Answer 20

a fetus (any gestational age) exits maternal body and shows any signs of life (voluntary movement, heartbeat, pulsation of umbilical cord) for however brief time + regardless of placenta/umbilical cord being intact

Answer 21

born alive before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy

Answer 22

born between 38-42 completed weeks gestation

Answer 23

spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 24 weeks gestation

Answer 24

born after 24 weeks of pregnancy and did not at any time after being completely expelled, breathe or show any other signs of life

Answer 25

Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 | birth of baby must be registered within 42 days in England and Wales

Answer 26

either mother or father can register birth on own and both parents can be included on certificate

Answer 27

sign the birth register together statutory declaration of parentage court order giving father parental responsibility

Answer 28

married/civil partners = either can register if child born by donor insemination of fertility treatment unmarried = partner seen as 2nd parent if treated together in UK by licensed clinic + made a 'parenthood agreement' but can only be on certificate if meets same requirements as unmarried opposite sex couples

Answer 29

must get a parental order cannot get until 6 weeks after birth therefore birth mother must register

Answer 30

birth mother automatically has parental responsibility father who is married to child's mother at time of birth = PR from birth, not lost if later divorce adoptive parent acquires PR on adoption

Answer 31

``` marrying mother having their name registered making PR agreement with mother obtaining PR order from court obtaining residence order from court becoming child's guardian on mother's death ```

Answer 32

no | PR either remains with parents or is shared between foster parents + local authority

Answer 33

no, if done through HFEA licensed clinic | unlicensed clinic = legal father of child

Answer 34

give birth = legal mother, even with donated egg

Answer 35

Human Fertilisation + Embryology Act (2008)

Answer 36

Surrogacy Arrangements Act (1985) surrogate mother = a woman who carried a child in pursuance of an arrangement: - made before she began to carry the child - made with the view to any child carried in the pursuance of it being handed over to another person(s) surrogacy arrangements = not legally enforced, even if contract signed + expenses paid

Answer 37

surrogate = legal mother until parenthood transferred (by parental order/adoption) - husband of surrogate also has PR - surrogate has legal right to keep child

Answer 38

statutory duty of doctor who attended in last illness to complete - cared during last illness - familiar with PMH - seen pt in last 14 days + seen body after death cannot fulfil above = refer death to HM coroner

Answer 39

independent senior doctors all deaths subject to ME scrutiny or coroner's investigation agree proposed cause of death + accuracy of MCCD with doctor discuss cause of death with next of kin + establish questions/concerns inform local mortality arrangements

Answer 40

coroner orders it to try to determine cause of death agreed upon by hospital + family to gain fuller understanding of deceased's illness/cause of death/inform future medical care need to observe Human Tissue Act (2004)

Answer 41

does not require consent of family must be done by a suitable practitioner as soon as reasonably possible must comply with Human Tissue Act (2004) coroner must release body for burial/cremation as soon as practicable (usually within 28 days) if post mortem concludes natural cause of death, coroner does not need to hold an inquest

Answer 42

independent judicial officer of the crown employed by local authority all new coroners = lawyers

Answer 43

``` identity of person unknown no attending doctor to complete MCCD violence, trauma, injury self-harm neglect undergoing medical treatment injury/disease caused by employment poisoning toxic substance exposure death in custody suspected suicide use of medicinal product, controlled drug or psychoactive substance unnatural but not in other category ``` duty on doctor to report to coroner even if someone else (eg. family) reported death

Answer 44

who deceased was how, when, where they came by their death fact-finding hearing, not to apportion blame

Answer 45

report on action to 'prevent future deaths' coroner has duty to issue report if concerns of risk of future deaths copy of report sent to chief coroner (CQC)

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Ethics + Law Flashcards

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