Ethics in Research Flashcards
what is research
o “an undertaking intended to extend knowledge through a disciplined inquiry or systematic investigation”
o It is a step into the unknown-can involve risk to participants and researchers
o Research involving human subjects is complex
o Predicting risk is not definitive
CNA code of ethics
o Nurses support, use and engage in research and other activities that promote safe, competent, compassionate and ethical care, and they use guidelines for ethical research that are in keeping with nursing values
o Nurses who are involved in research respect the well-being of persons receiving care above all other objectives, including the search for knowledge. They pay attention to the safety of persons receiving care and to informed consent, the risk-benefit balance, the privacy and confidentiality of data and the monitoring of research
belmont report
o Commission of US government to = define principles of ethical conduct for research involving humans, develop guidelines in accordance with principles
o 3 principles
- Respect for person = individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
- Beneficence = obligations: do not harm, maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
- Justice = fair distribution of burdens and benefits of research
ethics in research core principles
Tri-council policy statement (TCPS)
respect for persons
concern for welfare
justice
respect for persons
- Autonomy = free to choose without interference
- Accountability and transparency
- Involve individuals in decision-making where possible
concern for welfare
- Impact on physical, mental, spiritual health and physical, economic and social circumstances
- Privacy and control of information
- Weighing benefits and risks = including stigmatization, damage to reputation
justice
- Fair and equitable treatment
- Vulnerable populations = right to protection and right to participate
- Power differential
TCPS 2
o Ethics review o Fairness and equity in research participation - Inclusion and exclusion - Protecting vs ignoring o Privacy and confidentiality - Safeguarding data o Qualitative research - May involve participatory approaches, ongoing involvement of researchers with participants o Clinical trials - Is it needed? Systematic review first
TCPS 2 human genetic research
o Extra considerations for research
- Genetic counselling available dependent on findings
- Care recruiting and getting consent among family members
- Community or group interests
o New emergent area that will increasingly affect treatments and nursing knowledge/nursing care
TCPS 2 research involving first nations, inuit and metis people of canada
o Application of basic principles with additional considerations:
o Respect for persons
- Not just individual consent, recognition of interrelationship with land and ancestors
o Concern for welfare
- Community and collective rights, interests, responsibilities
o Justice
- Imbalance of power between researcher and participants
- Respect for traditions, beliefs, protocols
o Remember cultural safety: not just doing research, but meeting of different cultures and worldviews in ethical space
components of ethical research relationships-qualitative research
o Acknowledgement of bias = personal values and beliefs of researcher
o Rigor = power differential, reflexivity, respondent validation, minimal changes to words of interviewees
o Rapport = professional boundaries, emotional closeness, safe endings
o Respect for autonomy = informed consent, vulnerable populations
o Avoidance of exploitation = benefits and supports for interviewee, honorarium
o Confidentiality = anonymity, control of information
informed consent
o Who are you, what are you doing, and why?
o What am I being asked to do?
o How long for?
o Are there risks or potential discomforts?
o Are there potential benefits?
o What choices do I have if I do not participate?
o What if I want to withdraw?
o What will happen to my data?
o Will I get paid?
ethical implications of research questions
o How empathetic are nurses in their treatment of patients in an ICU?
o What are the coping mechanisms of parents whose children have a mental illness?
o Does a new medication prolong life in patients with cancer?
o What is the process by which adult children adapt to the day-to-day stresses of caring for a terminally ill parent?
