Ethics in Health Care Flashcards
principles, rules, guidelines, laws, codes attempting to find out what is the right thing to do
ethics
discipline that examines one’s moral standards or standards of the society
ethics
standards that an individual or group has about what is right and rong, good or bad
morality
deals with matters that we think can seriously injure or seriously benefit humans
based on impartial considerations
moral standards
focus: me
punishment, reward, reciprocity
pre-conventional stage
moral development
stage 1
reward and punishment
Heinz shouldn’t steal because he will get caught
stage 1
reward and punishment
moral development
stage 2
sense of empathy
individualism and exchange
Heinz should steal because that’s his wife’s life at stake
stage 2
individualism and exchange
focus: group/others
familiar society
loyalty to the group is important to the point of sacrificing own self
conventional stage
moral development
stage 3
earn approval by being nice or having good intentions
interpersonal concordance
it is ok for Heinz to steal the drug because he was trying to save his wife’s life
stage 3
interpersonal concordance
moral development
stage 4
rules that are needed for the good of all/most
law and order
i recognize Heinz motive was good but I don’t think he should steal because if everyone who needed something just stole it, then there would be chaos
stage 4
law and order
global perspective
examines values and norms of his/her group
redefines in tems of self-chosen moral principles such as justice
post-conventional stage
aware that people in a society hold conflicting views
believes all values and norms are relative and should be tolerated
emphasizes fair ways for reaching a consensus through democratic means
stage 5
social contract and individual rights
while i don’ agree with Heinz’s decision to steal, i do believe the wife’s right to life takes precedence over the druggist’s property rights
stage 5
social contract and individual rights
commitment to the universal principles of equal rights, social justice and respect for basic dignity
stage 6
universal principles
i suggest that Heinz, the wife, and the pharmacist act out each other’s roles so that the pharmacist may see the wife’s right to life has a higher value than the right to property.
stage 6
universal principles
proponent of the anatomy of an ethical decision
manuel velasquez
5 ethical frameworks
utilitarianism Kantian ethics virtue ethics ethics of care christian ethics
actions and politics reevaluated based on benefits and costs they will impose on society
utilitarianism
merits of utilitarianism
simple
intuitive
impartial
efficient
true/flase
in utilitaranism, the end justifies the means
true
principles of the categorical imperative
principle of universality
principle of humanity
applied to anybody
universality
what if everybody did that? how would you like it if he did that to you?
reversability
never use humans as a means to an end point but as an end
humanity
derived from rationality
ethics of duty
Kantian ethics
categorical imperative can be safely prescribed as a law for everyone
Kantian ethics
action is right if it is what a virtuous person would do
virtue ethics
main proponents of virtue ethics
socrates, plato, aristotle
characteristics which make a person the best he/she could be
virtue
morality is based on what will bring about the best that a person can be
emphasis not on action to be take out but on what can be done to produce the sort of character that instinctively does the right thing
virtue ethics
action should emanate particular care of relationships
ethics of care
proponent of ethics of care
carol giligan
sees fundamental value of concrete communities and communal relationships that should be preserved and maintained
communitarian ethics
we exists in a web of relationships and thus must preserve that web as best as we could
tailor fit according to the community you are working with
ethics of care
5 central values in ethics of care
moral attention sympathetic understanding relationship awareness accommodation response
there is recognition of the existence of a supernatural being, whose existence is a fact
christian ethics
christian ethics vs. kantian ethics
agrees with universality and humanity
not as rigid and reason-based
christian ethics vs. virtue ethics
agrees with importance of forming the character of the decision maker
self-actualization is not the ultimate goal but a by-product of putting God first
christian ethics vs. ethics of care
similar (call to love one’s neighbor)
when conflicting, love of God takes precedence over love of neighbor
christian ethics vs. utilitarianism
both weigh things
difference in the definition of the good
utility is calculated through the 6 variables
bentham’s hedonic calculus
6 variables in calculating utility according to bentham’s hedonic calculus
intensity duration certainty proximity fecundity purity
chance of being followed by similar sensations
fecundity
chance of being followed by sensations of the opposite kind
purity
4 principles of ethcis
nonmaleficence
beneficence
respect for autonomy
justice
do no harm
nonmaleficence
one ought to provide benefits for others
beneficence
one ought to balance benefits with risk to produce the best overall results
net utility
one ought to act in such a way taht enables another person to act fully in accordance with his/her self-chosen plan
respect for autonomy
autonomy is present if the person has
liberty
agency
free from controlling influences
liberty
has capacity for intentional action
agency
one ought to give what is due a person
justice
angeles model for ethical reasoning
gather the facts identify stakeholders articulate the dilemma list the alternatives compare values determine consequences behind options make a decision
UNESCO model for ethical decision-making
fact deliberation value deliberation duty deliberation test of consistency final decision
