Ethics

Question 1

What are the key tenets of ethical codes?

Answer 1

1. First do no harm (primum non nocere, or Principle of Non-Maleficence)
2. Informed consent
   - freedom from coercion
3. Protection of Privacy
   - confidentiality
   - anonimity
4. A valid research design

Question 2

Some cases of ethical dilemmas?

Answer 2

• Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (1932-1972)
• Zimbardo’s (1973) Stanford Prison Experiment’
• Henle & Hubbell (1938). “Egocentricity” in adult conversation.
• Middlemist, Knowles & Matter (1976). Personal space invasions in the lavatory: suggestive evidence for arousal.
• Laud Humphreys (1970)
  
  • Study of male-male sexual encounters that occur in public restrooms

• Milgram’s (1963) obedience study

Question 3

What are the 3 R’s of animal research?

Answer 3

• Replacement of animals by other research methods.
• Reduction in the number of animals used by means of more advanced statistical techniques.
• Refinement of experimental procedures to reduce animal suffering.

Question 4

What are the forms of scientific misconduct?

Answer 4

• Plagiarism
• Partial or duplicate publication
• Fabricating data
• Selective exclusion of data
• Incomplete or inaccurate reporting of procedures (confounds)
• Conflict of interest