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Anthropology > Ethics > Flashcards

Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘deontological’ (2)

A

Making a decision abiding fully by the law.

Dependent on the righteousness of the method as opposed to the success of the outcome.

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2
Q

What is meant by the term ‘greatest good for the greatest number of people’? (1)

A

Making a decision depending on what beats benefits the majority

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3
Q

List 3 others ways to define ‘good’ other than pleasure or happiness (3)

A

Beauty

Friendship

Justice

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4
Q

Name an example of someone feeling pleasure but no happiness (1)

A

Someone who’s suffering from an addiction, getting their fix

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5
Q

Name an example of someone feeling happiness but no pleasure (1)

A

A woman giving birth

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6
Q

Matilda decided to cheat on her boyfriend meaning she’s a consequentialist. Explain why. (2)

A

The outcome of Bruce not finding out and the pleasure she’ll feel as a result, outweighs her means to achieving it

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7
Q

Sheila decides not to cheat on her boyfriend meaning she’s a deontologist. Explain why (2)

A

To her the fact that bruce won’t find out is irrelevant as she feels it’s her duty to not cheat on him.

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8
Q

List the 3 propositions of ‘consequentialist utilitarianism’ (3)

A

Actions are judged to be right or wrong by looking at the consequence

Actions are right when decisions result in outcomes where the pleasure is greater than the pain

No one’s pleasure or happiness or more important than anyone else’s

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9
Q

Where does the word ‘utilitarian’ come from? What does it mean? (2)

A

Utility meaning ‘usefulness’

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10
Q

Name the 7 criteria of the hedonic calculus and add a short sentence explaining what each one means (7)

A

Intensity
(How intense is the pleasure/pain?)

Duration
(How long does the pleasure/pain last?)

Rate of certainty
(How likely is the p/p to take place?

Closeness
(How far away is the p/p from taking place?)

Fecundity
(How likely is it to trigger other p/ps?)

Purity
(How pure is the p/p?)

Extent
(How many people are affected by the p/p?)

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11
Q

Explain Mill’s ‘quality of pleasure’ (2)

A

The argument that some pleasures are more desirable and valuable than others.

For example giving birth to child is of higher quality than eating a sandwich as the sandwich will be finished in a matter of minutes whereas the pleasure of having a children will keep increasing throughout your life.

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12
Q

List 3 higher pleasures (3)

A

Getting married

Giving birth

Passing your driving test

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13
Q

List 3 lower pleasures (3)

A

Eating a sandwich

Listening to your favourite song

Reading your favourite book

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14
Q

‘It’s better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; it’s better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied’ explain what Stuart mill means by this. (2)

A

The quality of pleasure that satisfies a human is more than that of an animal so it takes more for a human to be happy. People are capable of more than animals so will therefore reject animal pleasures.

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15
Q

Name the 4 principles of harm making up the harm principle (4)

A

We should be from from society’s constraint

Freedom should only be limited when the actions of one harm another

We should not intervene even if the individual is of harm to themselves.

Don’t encroach on the rights of someone else

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16
Q

List 2 things people should be free to do that don’t harm themselves or others (2)

A

Freedom of choice

Freedom of speech

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17
Q

List 3 things people should be free to do that may harm themselves but not others (3)

A

Self harm

Body modification (tattoos, piercings etc)

Drugs/alcohol

18
Q

List 2 things people should be prevented from doing because they may harm others (2)

A

Crime (murder, theft etc)

Torture

19
Q

Name something you may want to prevent a person doing because it will harm them (1)

A

Suicide

20
Q

Define ‘act utilitarianism’ (1)

A

Making a decision based on the situation and consequence - no fixed rules

21
Q

Define ‘rule utilitarianism’ (1)

A

There are a set of moral laws that must be abided by in every situation for example telling the truth, keeping promises and acting justly.

22
Q

List 3 strengths of utilitarianism (3)

A

It’s straightforward and based on the single principle of minimising pain and maximising pleasure.

It relates to actions that can be observed in the real world.

It supports the general view that human well being is intrinsically good.

23
Q

List 3 weaknesses of utilitarianism (3)

A

There’s no guarantee the consequences will turn out as predicted

There’s not enough credit or emphasis on the intention behind the act

It’s subjective

24
Q

Name 3 other possible goals in life despite the pursuit of pleasure (3)

A

Doing God’s will

Compassion

Enlightenment

25
Q

Define ‘legalism’ (1)

A

An approach to moral decision making that applies the moral law regardless of the consequences

26
Q

Define ‘antinomianism’ (1)

A

The rejection of all moral laws and the reaching of decisions on a spontaneous, ad hoc and unpredictable basis.

Rejected by Fletcher as unprincipled and irrational.

27
Q

Define situation ethics (1)

A

The moral theory proposed by Joseph Fletcher which requires the application of love to every unique situation.

28
Q

What are the 4 principles? (4)

A

Pragmatism

Relativism

Personalise

Positivism

29
Q

Define pragmatism (2)

A

The proposed action must work towards a loving end and be practical in that it achieves a loving outcome

The action must work and be possible

30
Q

Define relativism (3)

A
  • No fixed rules or absolutes that must always be obeyed, (but neither is there a free for all)
  • Decisions must be relative to Christian love and act according to Christian love
  • Situations are examined in their own right
  • Situation ethics “…relativizes the absolute, it does not absolutize the relative” (Fletcher)
31
Q

Define positivism (3)

A
  • The course of action has to start with a positive choice because you need to want to do good
  • Giving first place to Christian love (which is known to be good without reasoning for it)
  • We experience Gods love therefore it should be our main motivation
32
Q

Define personalism (3)

A
  • Putting people first
  • Whilst the legalist puts law before the person, situation ethics values that people are more important than rules
  • As Jesus showed in the New Testament, for example working on the Sabbath “The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath”
33
Q

Name the 6 principles (6)

A

“Only one thing is intrinsically good; namely love: nothing else at all”

“The ruling norm of Christian decision is love: nothing else.”

Love and Justice are the same, for justice is love distributed, nothing else.”

Love wills the neighbour’s good, whether we like him or not.”

“Only the end justifies the means, nothing else.”

“Love’s decisions are made situationally, not prescriptively”

34
Q

“Only one thing is intrinsically good; namely love: nothing else at all”

A

Love is the only absolute good. Everything else is only relatively good, in some circumstances. Nothing else is intrinsically good, regardless of all other factors.

35
Q

“The ruling norm of Christian decision is love: nothing else.”

A

Agape is the principle taught by Jesus, he broke the commandments when love demanded it. Love replaces law. It is a self-giving love, allowing people freedom and responsibility to choose the right thing for themselves.

36
Q

Love and Justice are the same, for justice is love distributed, nothing else.”

A

Justice will automatically follow from love; if love is put into practice then it can only result in justice. Justice is love at work.

37
Q

“Love wills the neighbour’s good, whether we like him or not.”

A

Love must have no favourites and give no-
one preferential treatment, but must treat all as equally valuable. It is not sentimental or erotic, it is unconditional and requires nothing in return.

38
Q

“Only the end justifies the means, nothing else.”

A

A moral action must be considered with reference to its end, and this end must be love. It must not be a means to some other end; people must choose what to do because the result will be love, not be loving to achieve some other result.

39
Q

Love’s decisions are made situationally, not prescriptively”

A

The loving thing to do will depend on the
situation. Most people therefore will regard
Situation Ethics as a relativistic approach to
morality.

40
Q

Describe fletcher’s conscious

A

The process of decision making not the thing you make it with

41
Q

Define ‘consequentialism’ (2)

A

Making a decision based on the result despite the means used to get to it

Anthropology (9 decks)

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