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Philosophy & Ethics > Ethics 2 > Flashcards

Ethics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Peace

A

A situation where there is no war or violence between countries or societies

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2
Q

Crime

A

An activity that breaks the criminal law of the country in which you are

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3
Q

War

A

When two countries attempt to resolve an issue through fighting

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4
Q

Punishment

A

Something done to a wrongdoer or convicted criminal

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5
Q

Capital Punishment

A

Using death as a punishment for a crime, also called a death penalty

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6
Q

Execution

A

The judicial killing of a convict criminal

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7
Q

Judicial

A

Something done by/with the support of the law of the country as part of its process of trial and punishment

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8
Q

Retribution

A

One of the six possible aims of punishment; doing to the criminal what the criminal did to someone else

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9
Q

Protection

A

One of the six possible aims of punishment; taking action to protect society from the criminals anti social behaviour

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10
Q

Deterrence

A

One of the six possible aims of punishment; a punishment designed to put other people off committing the same crime

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11
Q

Reform

A

One of the six possible aims of punishment; a punishment to help the criminal become a more responsible member of society once their punishment is over

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12
Q

Reparation

A

One of the six possible aims of punishment; where the criminal makes amends and pays the society or victim for what they did

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13
Q

Vindication

A

One of the six possible aims of punishment; a punishment which demonstrates the need to respect the law and the justice of punishment

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14
Q

Justice

A

The idea that everyone is treated as equals before the law; the idea that the law will treat everyone as they deserve

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15
Q

Pacifism

A

The idea that pacifism is wrong

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16
Q

Absolute Pacifism

A

The idea that violence is always wrong, even if it is used as self defence or for a cause that most people would deem justifiable

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17
Q

Conditional Pacifism

A

The idea that although violence is wrong in principle, it is sometimes unavoidable, e.g. in self defence

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18
Q

Just War Theory

A

Thomas Aquinas’ theory about the circumstances under which it is justified to go to war

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19
Q

What attitudes do Christians have regarding war?

A
  • People should love one another and try and live in peace
  • The Old Testament and most Christian thinkers suggest that sometimes war is necessary to overcome evil. Such a war is still wrong in itself, but is not as bad as what could happen if if the enemy were not fought
  • Can sometimes be seen as necessary to fight in defence of the weak
  • The Bible gives differing view points and Christian’s have to decide which teaching is most relevant
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20
Q

What is the Sanctity of Life?

A

A key Christian teaching; the idea that human beings are all made in the image of God and have been given a soul as a special gift, something no other creation received.

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21
Q

In what way could forgiveness affect Christian attitudes towards crime and criminals?

A
  • Central to Christian teachings is a message of love and forgiveness
  • Christianity teaches that God loves everyone and forgives people’s sins if they genuinely repent.
  • Christianity is unique in having a founder who was executed as a criminal; Jesus rose then rose from the dead to redeem the sins of humanity
  • This means that Christians are often seeing as being ‘soft’ on criminals because they preach forgiveness and they don’t believe in retribution
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22
Q

Define what is meant by ‘Restorative Justice’

A

Where the criminal and their victim can meet in order to try and understand one another

23
Q

Give two arguments in support of capital punishment

A

Any of the following:

  • It ensures that criminals will never re-offend
  • It is a deterrent to others considering the same crime
  • It demonstrates how seriously society takes some crimes
  • The victim’s family will feel justice has been achieved
  • The Bible says to ‘take life for life’
  • Capital Punishment has been around as long as the human race has
  • Revenge is a natural impulse when a terrible thing has happened
  • It must cost less to kill someone than to keep them in prison
24
Q

Give two arguments against capital punishment

A

Any of the following:

  • There is no evidence that it puts people off committing crimes
  • It is cruel and I humane to take someone’s life
  • Executions spread the grief to another innocent family
  • It turns all of us into murderers as killing is done in our name
  • Killing someone is still expensive
  • Even if killing someone is cheaper than life in prison, it is a terrible deed to put money above life
  • It creates a violent society where killing is acceptable
  • You cannot pardon a corpse of the allegations were wrong
  • Execution risks creating martyrs
  • In a civilised society, revenge should have no part in justice
  • We can never be certain enough we have the right person
25
Q

Prejudice

A

Thinking badly of someone you don’t know without any real reason to do so, e.g. because of their colour, gender or age

26
Q

Discrimination

A

Acting differently with an individual than you would with anyone else because of your prejudices

27
Q

Racism

A

Prejudice based on race

28
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice based on age

29
Q

Sexism

A

Prejudice based on gender

30
Q

Evangelism

A

The belief that it is right to actively seek to convert other people to your faith

31
Q

Evangelist

A

A person who believes in / practises evangelism

32
Q

Ecumenism

A

The belief that it is right to encourage different faiths to work together without requiring anyone to convert

33
Q

Ecumenist

A

A person who believes in / practises ecumenism

34
Q

Apartheid

A

A legal system, practised until campaigned against by significant figures (Tutu, Huddleston, Mandela) in South Africa, keeping different races apart

35
Q

Ministry

A

The priesthood. Joining the ministry means becoming a priest, vicar or pastor of the church you belong to

36
Q

Ordination

A

The ceremony of making someone a priest

37
Q

Sacrament

A

A ceremony at which God is present

38
Q

Forgiveness

A

Accepting someone has done something wrong and not holding it against them

39
Q

Reconciliation

A

Making things up after a split or disagreement, bringing people back together

40
Q

Redemption

A

Being brought back to God by repenting your sins

41
Q

Repentance

A

Being genuinely sorry or remorseful for the sins you have committed

42
Q

Describe Christian beliefs about equality

A
  • Christians believe that God loves all humanity unconditionally
  • They believe that people should try to show the same love to each other and be concerned for other people’s welfare, whoever they may be
  • All human beings are ‘made in the image of God’
  • Jesus welcomed people from all backgrounds and groups
43
Q

How did the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa feel about apartheid?

A

They supported apartheid and the segregation of white and black people, teaching that God was a ‘great divider’ who separated races the same way he separated species. They were expelled by the World Alliance of Reformed Churches for this teachings and has since changed its views on race

44
Q

Wha do Christians believe a man’s role is?

A

Men should do the physical work and provide for their families. Men are responsible for their own spiritual well-being. Men are responsible for bringing up their children to be good Christians.

45
Q

What do Christians believe a woman’s role is?

A

Women should stay at home and care for their husbands and children.
Women have a duty to bear children.
Women have the responsibility for their own spiritual well-being. Women are responsible for bringing up their children to be good Christians.

46
Q

Why does the Roman Catholic Church only allow men to be priests?

A
  • Christ and his apostles were all men
  • The priest during mass represents Christ himself
  • St Paul said women should remain silent in Church
47
Q

Why does the Protestant church allow women to now be ordained as priests?

A
  • Christ allowed women to be active among his followers
  • Those who remained faithful at his trial and execution were all women and a woman was the first to see him after his resurrection
  • God has no gender
  • The injunction to women to remain silent I’m church does not apply to modern society where men and women are all equal
48
Q

When did the Anglican Church decide to female priests and what did this decision lead to?

A

In 1994; this lead to a number of male clergy converting to Catholicism.

49
Q

Define the word equality.

A

The state of being equal especially in status, rights and opportunities

50
Q

Explain the difference between prejudice and discrimination.

A

Prejudice is when you think badly of someone without having any real reason to whereas discrimination is when you act upon your prejudice

51
Q

Describe the aims of the ecumenical movement.

A

To bring different denominations together

52
Q

How does the Crucifixion offer the human race redemption?

A

The death and resurrection of Christ are also believed to redeem all of our sins as long as we accept the sacrifice Jesus made for us.

53
Q

Give two reasons why Christian’s might regard all human beings as being equal.

A
  1. Jesus’ famous commandment ‘Love thy neighbour as thyself’ refers to equality amongst all the humans
  2. Jesus welcomed people from all backgrounds and group
54
Q

Why do some Christians seek to convert people?

A

This is because they believe in evangelism.

Philosophy & Ethics (4 decks)

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