Ethics

Question 1

Cognitive or Communicative Impairments)

Answer 1

Vulnerable persons

Question 2

Vulnerable persons:

Answer 2

😔Who have difficulty giving information
 Signing or understanding informed consent
 Susceptible to adverse events.

Question 3

Research Participants who Require Additional Protections

Answer 3

Vulnerable persons
Social and Economic Disadvantages

Question 4

Research Misconduct

Answer 4

It means fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting its results

Question 5

persons who have made only trivial contributions to the paper

Answer 5

Guest authorship

Question 6

who made substantial contributions to the paper but are not listed as authors

Answer 6

Ghost authors

Question 7

ICMJIE recommend that

Answer 7

authorship be based on the following
4 criteria

Question 8

The institutions are required to have

Answer 8

1) Ethical (IRB) review of protocol and informed consent
2) Administrative review of proposals, contract and grants
3) Scientific peer review

Question 9

the first significant effort of the medical community to regulate research itself

Answer 9

Deceleration of Helsinki

Question 10

Belmont report

Answer 10

✌️Respect
 Beneficence
 Justice.

Question 11

Error is defined as

Answer 11

the difference between the true value of a measurement and the recorded value of a measurement

Question 12

There are many sources of errors

Answer 12

1. Random Error
2. Systematic Error (Bias)

Question 13

Any factor that leads to conclusions that are systematically different from the truth

Answer 13

Bias

Question 14

Systemic deviation of results or inference from truth

Answer 14

Bias

Question 15

It is also known as “Neyman bias”, or “Survivor bias”.

Answer 15

Prevalence-Incidence bias

Question 16

It is a common source of systematic error in studies that rely on participants’ ability to accurately remember and report past events, exposures, or experiences.

Answer 16

Recall bias

Question 17

It means a mixing of effect of an extraneous factor (confounder) with effect of interest on outcome distorting the association between exposure and disease

Answer 17

Confounder

Question 18

The best design to identify incidence and natural history of a disease

Answer 18

Cohort

Question 19

a careful, detailed report by one or more clinicians of the profile of a single patient.

Answer 19

Case report

Question 20

One of the first steps in outbreak investigation

Answer 20

Case reports and case series