ETHICS Flashcards
A branch of philosophy concerned with establishing the principle of right and wrong behavior
Psychology
Philosophy
Study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
It is a moral code that guides how an individual should behave
Ethics
It is about the individual’s search for meaning while dealing with human problems which may be logical (problems of reasoning), epistemological (problems of the truth, cosmological (problems of universe), ethical (problems of morality), aesthetical (problems of art and beauty) or scientific problems (problems of science)
(Timbreza, 1993)
Ethics
TRUE OR FALSE
At the moment a person is born, he or she begins to suffer and will continue to suffer until death
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Human beings are logical beings but human existence is inexplicable
TRUE
Ability of an individual to perform one’s duties well
Competence
Privacy
A person’s right to keep personal information out of public view
Communication between a professional and a subject; gives permission for a procedure to occur
Informed consent
Capacity to keep information restricted to only those who have permission to view it
Confidentiality
Beneficence (doing good) and Non-maleficence (to do no harm
Aim to help and do no harm
Interdisciplinary field
encompassing a
broad range of
domains:public health,
health research and
clinical care (WHO)
Health Ethics
Adherence to ethical principles; honest behaviors
Integrity
Fidelity and Responsibility
Establish trust and uphold one’s responsibility
deals with a diverse prescription of universal concepts and principles that serve as the foundation of moral beliefs
Ethics
Donal Harrington
morality can be viewed in different perspectives-as a law, as an inner conviction, as love, as personal growth, and as social transformation.
What are the nuances between ethics and morality as illustrated by James Gustafson (1974).
Theoretical prescriptions/Critiques
- The nature of the good
-The nature of human person
-Criteria of judgment
Based on principles practiced by a particular community
-Fundamental convictions of human agent
-Character of moral agent
-Use of norms
-Situational analysis
ETHICAL ISSUES IN HEALTHCARE
. Patient Privacy and Confidentiality
. Transmission of Diseases
. Relationships
. End-of-Life Issues
. Elderly Patients
. Aggressive marketing practices
-Right of healthcare providers to protect themselves from
communicable diseases, whether by direct or indirect contact with an
infected patient.
-Patient’s health history
Transmission of Diseases
Terminally ill patient’s special wishes – “LivingWill”
End-of-Life Issues
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) define
what information can be released and to whom.
Protection of private patient information
- Sexual relationships (in healthcare facilities)
- STRICTLY FORBIDDEN
Relationships
A concept associated with Passive Euthanasia
LIVING WILL
- Patient care, not marketing schemes
- Marketing campaign is truthful,sincere and not misleading
Aggressive marketing practices
- Not capable of making rational decisions
- “LivingWill”
Elderly Patients
Anchored on the principle that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture.
Ethical relativism/moral relativism
A written document that allows a patient to give explicit instructions in advance about the
medical treatment to be administered when he or she is terminally ill or no longer able to express informed consent
LIVING WILL
It is a theory based on norms relative to a particular culture or society.
Ethical Relativism
For example, some cultures may accept certain acts and behaviors that are unacceptable to other cultures.
Ethical Relativism
-Acknowledges societal diversity, that every society has a unique moral design and culture; and people’s beliefs are greatly influenced by culture.
-The challenge to each society is the preservation of its cultural uniqueness and acknowledgment of cultural differences.
Ethical Relativism
It is a philosophical approach or movement that began in the 1870s.
The term was coined by Charles Sanders Peirce and further developed by William James.
ETHICAL PRAGMATISM
It is considered as America’s most distinctive and major contribution to the field of philosophy.
It is more of a theory on knowledge, truth, and meaning rather than morality. Although the language of moral interest may appear in many of the writings of Peirce and James
ETHICAL PRAGMATISM
Voluntary active
euthanasia
Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to
cause the patient’s death with the patient’s informed consent.
Involuntary
active
euthanasia
Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause
the patient’s death when the patient was competent to consent but did
not—eg, the patient may not have been asked.
Nonvoluntary
active euthanasia
Intentionally administering medications or other interventions to cause the patient’s death when the patient was incompetent and was mentally incapable of consenting—eg, the patient might have been in a coma.
Administering narcotics or other medications to relieve pain with the
incidental consequence of causing sufficient respiratory depression to
result in the patient’s death.
Indirect euthanasia
Withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatments from a
patient to let the patient die (terminating life-sustaining treatments).
Passive euthanasia
ETHICAL UTILITARIANISM is Founded by two English Philosophers:
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
states that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their consequences.
The school of ethics
What are the moral issues that are perceived to be controversial?
Abortion
Euthanasia (Mercy Killing)
Genetic Engineering
What article states that Abortion is illegal in the Philippines
Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
Article II, Section 12 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother
and the life of the unborn from conception (Article II, Section 12).
is the practice of ending a life intentionally, usually in situations when an individual is terminally ill
Euthanasia
Herbert Hendin (2004)
describes euthanasia as the process of inducing the painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be merciful
Also known as mercy killing, it is regarded as a merciful release of an individual from an incurable sickness.
Euthanasia
Health Care Providers
- Mustseek to protect patient privacy in all settings to the greatest extent possible
Health Care Providers should
-Minimize intrusion on privacy
-Inform the patient when there has been a significant infringement on privacy
-Be mindful that individual patients may have special concerns about privacy
An applied branch of ethics which analyzes the practice
of clinical medicine and related scientific research
MEDICAL ETHICS
CLINICAL ETHICS
A practical discipline that provides a structured
approach to assist health professionals in identifying,
analyzing and resolving ethical issues that arise in
clinical practice.
Ethics in clinical research focuses largely on identifying and implementing the acceptable conditions for exposure of some individuals to risks and burdens for the benefit of society
at large.
ETHICS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH
7 ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN HEALTHCARE
. Non-maleficence
. Beneficence
. Health Maximization
. Efficiency
. Respect for
. Justice
. Proportionality
asserts that a health care professional should act in such a way that he or
she does no harm, even if her or his patient or client requests it.
Non-maleficence
Do no harm
The obligation to produce benefit, for individual patients or clients
. Beneficence
. Health Maximization
Health of the broader constituency of the public and improvements
Acknowledge patient’s rights
. Respect for autonomy
Efficient use of resources
Efficiency
Equal rights
Justice
Proportionality
Private good and public interest
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
CONCEPTS
are principles that
govern the behavior of person or a
group of people.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
CONCEPTS
Unlike values, professional ethics are
often codified as a set of rules, which
a particular group of people use.
Provide rules on how a person should
act towards other people and
institutions
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
CONCEPTS
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
underpin all professional codes of
conduct.
Some universal ethical principles that apply across
all professions, including:
-Honesty
-Accountability
-Respect for others
-Trustworthiness
-Adherence to the law
-Loyalty
-Doing good and avoiding harm to others
Provide guidelines for the minimum standard
of appropriate behavior in a professional
context
CODES OF CONDUCT
Sit alongside the general law of the land and the
personal values of members of the profession
CODES OF CONDUCT
Goal of the (Health) Ethics Committee
To establish a written code of ethics that details the policies
and procedures that determine proper conduct for all employees.
*Doctors
* Therapists
Nurses
* Other healthcare
providers
* Assist patients and their families
* Work together to identify,
understand, and resolve difficult
ethical decisions.
“actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to produce unhappiness. The utility or usefulness of an action is determined by the extent to which it
promotes happiness rather than its reverse.”
ETHICAL UTILITARIANISM
The principle of utility formulated by Mill
duty-based
ethics
Deontological
School of Ethics Philosophers
Respecting the autonomy of others is a primary value.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Principles
John Locke (1632-1704)
School of Ethics Deontological or duty-based ethics: Is It Right?
School of Ethics Philosophers
Consequentialist ethics: Is it
good?
Philosophers:
David Hume (1711-1776)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
School of Ethics
Actions aim at bringing about the
greatest good for the greatest
number of people.
Benevolence is a primary
value.
Main Goals
School of Ethics
Philosophers
Virtue Ethics: How to Live Your Life
Philosophers/Ethicists
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
Am I doing more good or harm
by my behavior?
Consequentialist ethics
Is my behavior consistent with being
a moral person?
Virtue Ethics: How to Live Your Life
-Aspiring to a set of virtues.
-Avoiding a set of vices.
-Integrity is a primary value.
Principles Alasdair MacIntyre (1929)
Privacy and confidentiality - all subjects
should be able to expect that:
- privacy guidelines will be established
early - private details are not disclosed unless
required by law - conversations will remain confidential
- Mr. X is being recruited to be part
of the clinical trial for SARS Cov 2
vaccine. - Informed consent - subjects have the right to know:
-the purpose of research (phasing
in of new vaccine)
-the nature of the research (clinical
trial)
-the potential dangers and effects
of the research
-all subjects should be debriefed
after the research is completed
a controversial ethical issue because it involves genetic manipulations that are perceived to be against moral standards set by the society.
Genetic engineering
humans are seen to be acting as their own gods because of procedures that enable them to manipulate the genetic make-up of organisms.
Genetic engineering
a procedure whose main purpose is to screen, choose, and select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal malformations (Ciabal, 2003). Genetic screening is usually done for the early diagnosis of diseases.
Genetic Screening
Genetic interventions
are techniques such as genetic control, therapy, and surgery. According to Ciabal (2003), people can now “intervene” in the biological process and “control” bad or defective genes.
Is popularly known as laboratory fertilization. In the past, this technology became the subject of controversies because of many religious groups opposing the procedure as they perceive it to be a deviation from the natural process of fertilization.
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
is a form of genetic engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases. It has been the subject of controversy because of how stem cells are sourced
Stem-ceil therapy
covers the philosophy of doing what is right.
Ethics
serves as the guiding principle in the ethical practice of a profession.
The code of ethics
covers the morally accepted behavior of individuals in the workplace
Professional Ethics
TRUE OR FALSE
Professionalism in the workplace is necessary in maintaining a healthy and productive work environment.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Professional ethics guide individuals in dealing with issues and conflicts in the workplace in order for them to remain functional.
TRUE
Deals with a diverse prescription of universal concepts and principles that serve as foundation of moral beliefs.
Ethics
TRUE OR FALSE
Diversity, decision making, compliance, and governance are some of the concerns that need to be considered when doing an ethical review in the context of the health care profession.
TRUE
covers the accepted behavior of individuals in the workplace setting.
Professional ethics
