ethics Flashcards
can be provisionally
described as the empirical study of moral decisions.
It is a discipline concerned with what is morally good
and evil, right and wrong.
Ethics or moral philosophy
derived from the Greek word “ethos” which may
mean
tradition, habit, character, or attitude.
which concerns human
behavior in general, is to address our questions
about the essence of human behavior.
Normative ethics
2 Fields of Normative Ethics
Moral philosophy, applied ethics
deals with moral
ideas such as what human beings
“must do or how human beings
should be.”
Moral philosophy
is a philosophy that
discusses strong and basic moral
issues linked to abortion.
Applied ethics
refer to the guidelines we
have on the types of acts that we find to be morally
permissible and morally unacceptable
Moral standards
is a discipline that relies on meaning.
It is a science that is seeking to address non-moral
questions about morality
Meta-ethics
on the contrary,
apply to laws which are not related to social or legal
considerations.
Non-moral standards
is a Decorum propriety means
reverence for the formal criteria governing conduct
in a civilized society.
Etiquette
are the basis of the capacity of an
individual to distinguish between right and wrong.
Values
refers to a situation that
causes an organization to respond
negatively or positively to an ethical issue
that affects staff, shareholders, and society,
as well as corporate ethics and customers.
organizational
ethical dilemma
pertains to a
situation where individuals confront with a
number of factors such as peer pressure,
personal financial position, an economic and
social status which may influence all
individual ethical standards.
individual
ethical or moral dilemma
is part of every individual’s life. It is
just a query as to whether an individual remains
aware of doing what is good and what is right.
Socialization
selecting a proper system of responsibilities
and relationships, which is a continuing
universal challenge.
structural moral dilemma
The
conflict between the distribution of jobs and the
organization of numerous activities generates a
classic dilemma.
Differentiation vs. Integration
When the main tasks are not
explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through
gaps.
Gap vs Overlap
When
employees are not clear about what they are
expected to do, they often adapt their tasks to
personal interests instead of system-wide goals that
often lead to problems.
Lack of Clarity vs. Lack of Creativity
Interdependence When individuals or groups are too
independent, they are always isolated.
Excessive Autonomy vs. Excessive
Good will is
unique as it is always good and retains its
moral values even though it fails to
achieve its moral intentions.
GOOD WILL AND DUTY
Kant believes that perfect duty is more
important than an imperfect duty: when a
conflict of duty arises, perfect duty must
be carried out
PERFECT AND IMPERFECT DUTIES
command
unconditionally. Irrespective of our
wishes or desires, a categorical
imperative binds us as everyone has a
responsibility not to lie, regarless of
conditions and even though it is in our
interest to do so.
Categorical imperative
When anyone
acts, it’s a maxim, or a principle.
UNIVERSALIZABILITY
The
second interpretation of Kant’s
Categorical Imperative is to view life as
an end in itself: “Act in such a way that
you treat humanity, whether in your own
person or in the person of another,
always at the same time as an end and
never simply as a means.”(Immanuel
Kant, Groundwork fo the Metaphysics of
Morals)
HUMANITY AS AN END IN ITSELF
provides that “the rules of taxation
shall be uniform and equal” and that “a democratic
system of taxation shall be established by the
Congress.”
Constitution: Article VI, Section 28 of the
Constitution
the major sources of revenue for
local government units
Local laws
enacted as Republic Act No. 8424 or the
Tax Reform Act of 1997
National law National Internal Revenue
Code
Kant’s definition of freedom is
the right to
control one’s actions based on reason, not desire
According to________-, culture is at the root of
human alienation from the environment.
Kohak (1984)
he defined culture as a concept that refers
to a broad and diverse collection of often intangible
areas of social life.
Cole (2019)
he introduced culture as the collective
knowledge and schemes generated by a group of
people to perceive, view, convey, and react to the
social realities around them.
Lederach,(1995)
he explicated culture as the
characteristics and awareness of a specific
community of people, including language, religion,
food, social behavior, etiquette, fashion, music, and
the arts.
Zimmerman (2017)
The Filipinos always try
to give an interpretation of the actions or they take
things personally.
Extreme Personalism
The Filipinos
have very high family protection whether in good or
poor condition and circumstance (consentidor)
(overprotected)
Extreme Family Centeredness
The Filipinos have a rather
relaxed attitude, but bad time management (famous
Filipino time).
Lack of Discipline
They ‘re
demanding someone’s accomplishment, so they’re
not displaying the same flag just because of race.
Passivity and Lack of Initiative
Filipinos have what we call
patriotism vs active awareness mentality.
Colonial Mentality
Filipinos have selfserving attitude that generates feeling of envy and
competitiveness towards others (status vs prestige).
Kanya-kanya Syndrome
Filipinos
are superficial and dreamy.
Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection
it refers to good fortune;
pleasure; contentment; joy
Happiness
is a freedom from disturbance;
tranquility.
Peace
is the state of being free or at
liberty, freedom from control, interference,
obligation, restriction, hampering conditions,
etc
Freedom
is the state of being safe; freedom
from the occurrence or risk of injury, danger,
or loss.
Safety
is a capacity for learning,
reasoning, understanding, and similar forms
of mental activity
Intelligence
as a formal expression or gesture
of greeting, esteem, or friendship
Respect
is the state or quality of being
equal; correspondence in quantity, degree,
value, rank, or ability
Equality
is the quality of being just;
righteousness, equitableness, or moral
rightness
Justice
is the material world, especially as
surrounding humankind and existing
independently of human activities.
Nature
is the general condition of
the body or mind with reference to
soundness and vigor: good health
Health
