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z - RESEARCH METHODS S2 > ethics > Flashcards

ethics Flashcards

1
Q

what do ethics involve?

A

systematising, defending, and providing standards by which behaviour can be judged to be right or wrong

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2
Q

what ate normative ethics?

A

Normative ethics: the practical task of arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct

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3
Q

what are two key approaches in psychological ethics?

A

consequantialism
denotology (duty)

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4
Q

what is consequentialism? what concept does this approach tie into?

A

Kant
Consequentialism –the rightness or wrongness of an act depends upon its consequences
This approach ties into Utilitarianism–emphasises the role of pleasure or happiness as a consequence of our actions

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5
Q

what is deontology? what concept does this approach tie into?

A

Kant
Deontology (Duty)–certain acts are right or wrong in themselves, not necessarily in terms of their consequences
links into the idea of kant’s categorical imperatives - commands or moral laws all persons must follow, regardless of their desires or extenuating circumstances

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6
Q

who explored the idea of consequentialism vs deontology in ethics?

A

kant

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7
Q

how does Johnson and Tudor’s case study explore ideas of consequentialism vs deontology in ethics?

A

Data collected from this study has had very beneficial consequences but the study was morally wrong (induced stutter group)
–> consequentialism would argue that this study was ethically sound, deontology would argue differently

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8
Q

does the BPS code of conduct follow a code of consequentialism or deontology?

A

deontology

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9
Q

what is psychological egoism?

A

psychological egoism - self-oriented interests ultimately motivate all human actions

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10
Q

what are the main two ethical codes used in research today?

A

World Health Organisation
*guide for conducting medical research with human subjects
British Psychological Society: Code of Ethics and Conduct & Code of Human Research Ethics *guidelines for carrying out psychological research.

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11
Q

what are the 4 principles of the BPS code of ethics and conduct?

A

respect, competence, responsibility, integrity

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12
Q

what are the 3 principles which make up the BPS code of conduct?

A
  • code of ethics and conduct
  • code of human research ethics
  • practice guidelines
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13
Q

BPS code of ethics: respect (3)

A
  • dignity and worth of ppt
  • sensitivity to power imbalance
  • consent, privacy and confidentiality
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14
Q

BPS code of ethics: competence (3)

A
  • high standards of professionalism
  • working within limits of knowledge and skill
  • caution in making knowledge claims
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15
Q

BPS code of ethics: responsibility (3)

A
  • responsibilities to persons and peoples, to the general public, and to the profession and science of Psychology
  • professional accountability
  • avoid harm or misuse of power
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16
Q

BPS code of ethics: integrity (3)

A
  • honesty, openness and candour
  • fairness
  • maintaining professional boundaries
17
Q

what are the 4 principles of the BPS code of human research ethics?

A

respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons, scientific value, social responsibility, maximising benefit and minimising harm

18
Q

BPS code of human research ethics: respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons (4)

A
  • inform of nature of research
  • avoid discriminatory practices
  • ensure self determination (protect against coercion)
  • ensure privacy
19
Q

BPS code of human research ethics: scientific value (1)

A
  • taking accountability for research quality
20
Q

BPS code of human research ethics: social responsibility (3)

A
  • clarifying purpose of research
  • awareness of potential outcomes (predicted and unpredicted)
  • acknowledgement of limitations
21
Q

BPS code of human research ethics: maximising benefit and minimising harm

A
  • identifying potential risks to ppt
  • measures to minimise or manage risk
22
Q

what are the 7 key practical considerations in ethics?

A
  • Risk
  • Valid consent
  • Confidentiality
  • Giving advice
  • Deception
  • Debriefing
  • Professionalism
23
Q

practical considerations in ethics: what is risk? how must researchers address it?

A

risk - potential physical or psychological harm, discomfort or stress
researchers must - identify and inform ppt of risks, develop management strategies

24
Q

practical considerations in ethics: what is valid consent? how must researchers address this?

A

informed consent - ppt who are able to consent (above 16 and medically able to do so) should be instructed of the nature of the study and researchers should obtain written consent

25
Q

practical considerations in ethics: when is written consent not needed?

A

for public records research or some field research

26
Q

practical considerations in ethics: according to the mental capacity assessment, when is someone unable to give consent?

A

The Act says that a person is unable to make a decision if unable to: understand the information relevant to the decision, retain the information, use or weigh the information, communicate his or her decision (by any means).

27
Q

practical considerations in ethics: how is right to withdraw addressed as a part of valid consent?

A
  • consent - ppt can consent to their information being used or withdraw it at any time
  • ppt told they can do this from the start with no judgment or prejudice
  • can withdraw at any point - should be informed of time restrictions
28
Q

practical considerations in ethics: when is giving advice needed?

A

Giving advice is ethical if:
- it forms an intrinsic part of the study
- it has been agreed with the participant in advance
- it has been subject to ethics review in advance

29
Q

practical considerations in ethics: what are the risks of giving advice?

A
  • if researcher obtains evidence of problems with advice given - ppt must be told immediately
  • researchers must exercise giving advice with caution and never off an opinion that is outside their expertise
30
Q

practical considerations in ethics: what are the main two types of deception?

A

Deception by commission –actively misleading
Deception by omission – failing to disclose all details (often accidental e.g timings of study)

31
Q

practical considerations in ethics: how can researchers address issues of deception?

A

debriefing
- active intervention which ensures ppt are provided with sufficient information to fully understand the nature of the research at the earliest opportunity

32
Q

practical considerations in ethics: what are the purposes of debriefing?

A
  • ethically address issues of deception
  • providing information to P about their role in the study both before and after they participate
  • attempts to reduce any distress that may have been or are likely to be caused by the study
33
Q

practical considerations in ethics: how can researchers maintain professionalism in their research?

A
  • avoid plagiarism - credit
  • report with honesty and accuracy the results of studies
  • professional boundaries

z - RESEARCH METHODS S2 (6 decks)

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