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ethical stories Flashcards

1
Q

Define moral theory

A

the theory that guides actions- deciding what is the right thing to do

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2
Q

morality vs ethic

A

what we actually do while ethics are norms of right and wrong that guide our actions

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3
Q

BOI-ethics

A

utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, virtue ethics, social contract theory, principles.

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4
Q

utilitarianism

A

belongs to consequentialism group
net amount of happiness vs pain/suffering
Favours side with greater outcome

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5
Q

2 main contributors of utilitarianism

A

Jeremy Bentham
john Stuart will

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6
Q

3 core claims of utilitarianism

A

actions are judged right or wrong only by the consequences

only amount of happiness/ unhappiness matters

each person’s happiness counts equally important

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7
Q

example utilitarianism

A

a man stilling from a rich man and distributed to many people, because a lot of people benefited and happy, he is right.

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8
Q

Kantian Deontology

A

Morality rule- strict rules of behavior confer moral status.
regardless of consequences, action have moral worth

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9
Q

where do the rules come from?

A

from our rational capacity as human beings: capacity for reason and capacity for freedom

acting morally means always doing ones duty

duty= doing the right thing for the right reason

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10
Q

problem with Kantian Deontology

A

moral rules in conflict.
duty to protect patients’ confidentiality.
vs
duty to prevent harm.
difficult to formulate a practical guide
rules inflexible
duty to truth vs cost of ignoring
consequences

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11
Q

virtue ethics

A

are old western ethics that focuses on character rather than actions.

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12
Q

2 main contributors to virtue ethics

A

Elizabeth Anscombe
Alisdair Maclntyre

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13
Q

virtue ethics

A

not concerned about the action itself but the character of a person matters
right act is done with character
wrong act done without virtue

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14
Q

character ethics are associated with ?

A

ancient Greek philosophers- Aristotle

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15
Q

social contract theory contributors

A

john Hobbes and jeans Rossouw

20th century- john Rawls

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16
Q

principlism

A

a normative ethical guideline that is designed for practical decision-making in health care.

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17
Q

4 basic moral principles applied to resolve moral dilemmas

A

respect for autonomy
beneficence
non-maleficence
justice

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18
Q

based on the common morality: these principles are

A

pluralistic
universally accepted
common sense moral judgement

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19
Q

balancing/weighing

A

the process of finding reasons to support beliefs about which principle norm is relevant

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20
Q

specification

A

useful for developing specific policies

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21
Q

Respect for Autonomy

A

it’s the patient rights to hold views to make choices and to take actions based on their values

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22
Q

obligations arising from respect for autonomy

A

informed consent
confidentiality
telling the truth
effective communication

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23
Q

Informed consent

A

Both an ethical and a legal requirement

24
Q

confidentially

A

maintaining a patient’s confidentiality is a cornerstone of the doctor’s patient’s relationship.

according to national health act, act no 61 of 2003 confidentialities can be breached if it’s going to harm someone else life.

25
Q

truth telling

A

according to HPCSA general ethical guidelines, truthfulness is a core value for good practice and the basis of trust.

26
Q

truth telling

A

must not conceal/ keep the truth from the patient.
It’s the patients right to know if the doctor has made error.
disclosure of important of good documentation of clinical notes.

27
Q

effective communication

A

patient centers care and good communication skills ethical requirement for maintaining doctor-patient relationship

28
Q

Non- maleficence

A

requires that we first do no harm

do not reduce but prevent harm

29
Q

rules of non-maleficence

A

do not kill
do not cause pain
do not incapacitate

30
Q

killing or letting die (maleficence )

A

traditionally killing is unacceptable in medicine.
letting die -avoiding intervention so that death occurs due to underlying
disease / organ failure / injury (less wrong / acceptable

31
Q

Negligence and due care

A

non-maleficence requires us to minimize risk of harm
it is the doctor’s duty to inform patients about the risk of treatment. also take note of the patient’s views.

32
Q

negligence and due care

A

standard of due- taking appropriate care to avoid harm
negligence- is absence of due care
***intentional and inadvertent

33
Q

BENEFICENCE

A

Requires that we protect and defend the right of patients, help patients act in their best interest.

do good

prevent and reduce harm

34
Q

implications of beneficence

A

clinical competence
balancing risk l, benefits and cost
paternalism

35
Q

Paternalism

A

intentional overriding of the person’s known preferences, in order to benefit or avoid harm to the person.

active paternalism: doctors override patients’ right to decline treatment
soft -non-autonomous and non voluntary decision making
hard- despite informed, voluntary and autonomous decision making

passive paternalism: doctor refuse treatment in the act of patient’s best interest.

36
Q

Justice

A

redress/ fair treatment

37
Q

justice obligation in 3 areas:

A

1.respect morally acceptable laws-legal justice
2. respect patients right-rights-based justice
3.ensure fair distribution of limited resources- distributive justice

38
Q

legal and rights based justice

A

working knowledge of relevant laws :
national health act no 61 of 2003
the children act no. 38 of 2005
mental health act 12 of 2002
bill of rights, south African constitution
patient’s rights charter

39
Q

distributive justice

A

fair, equitable and appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens determined by norms that strutures

40
Q

discuss the role of human rights in healthcare practice

A
40
Q

define human rights

A

equal standards that recognize and protect the dignity of all human beings.

41
Q

explain the right to health in the south African and international context.

A
42
Q

characteristics of human rights

A

inherent
universal and inalienable
indivisible and interdependent
both right and obligations/ duties
equal and non-discriminatory

43
Q

who is responsible for human rights

A

the state

44
Q

The state has to perform its duty in 4 ways:

A

Respect rights
Protect rights
Actively fulfil rights
Promote rights- citizens access

45
Q

SA constitutions which supports rights

A

Public protector
Commission for gender equality
South African human rights commission
Auditor general
Independent electoral commission

46
Q

How do human rights relate to health

A

The right to health

The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race,gender, religion etc

47
Q

The right to health

A

Is inseparable with other human rights
The right to food, house, work , education, information and participation

48
Q

Core components of the right to health

A

Availability- facilities,goods services
Accessibility- to information and economic
Acceptability- ethical, cultural gender
Quality- universal health coverage

49
Q

Bill of right: some health rights

A

Healthcare services

Sec 27 : access to health services and emergency healthcare

Underlying condition necessary for health

Art24. Environmen not harmful to health
Art 12 freedom and security of person Art27 access to food water social security

Special populations
Art 28 children- nutrition shelter healthcare services social services
Art 35 prisoners- detention conditions consistent with dignity

Foundational rights
Art 9 equality
Art10 Dignity
Art 11 life
Art 14 privacy

50
Q

Limitations of rights

A

Conflict sometimes occurs which may necessitate compromising individuals rights

Individuals right vs states obligation

51
Q

Limitations of bill of rights

A

Limitations are justifiable depending on :

Nature of the right
Important of the purpose for limitations
Nature and extent of limitation
Relation between limitations and its purpose
Least restrictive means to achieve goal

52
Q

What’s doctors rule in human right?

A
53
Q

What is health advocacy ?

A

A health professional that uses their expertise and influence to advance the well being of individual, communities and populations

54
Q

Key competencies of advocacy

A

> Respond to individual patients health needs and related issues.

> Respond to health needs of communities served.

55
Q

Dual loyalty and rights violations

A

> Medical skills used on behalf of the state for punishment or torture
human rights abuse in the care of health professionals kept silent
evaluation conducted for legal or administrative purposes
medical treatment or information limited or denied for state policy
independent medical judgment subordinated to state interest

56
Q

Avoiding rights violations in dual loyalty

A

Knowledge of human and clinical implications
Identify dual loyalty situations
Prioritise patients rights over state
Report violations
Collective action
Protect confidentiality

YTHP (8 decks)

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