ETHICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS PART B Flashcards
Established by Immanuel Kant, a German thinker
KANT’S ETHICS
First appeared in his WHAT work?
“Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals.”
focuses on duty or obligation
KANT’S ETHICS
deontologism/intuitionism
duty or obligation
Morality is exclusively within the human personality
KANT’S ETHICS
Morality is a matter of intent, motive, and will.
KANT’S ETHICS
All of your actions are mainly your responsibility
KANT’S ETHICS
one acts morally if and only one does whatever one is obliged to do.
KANT’S ETHICS
Act done in accord with duty and act done from a sense of duty
KANT’S ETHICS
non-moral acts are those who do not have?
moral sense
Humans should be treated as an end and not as a mean.
KANT’S ETHICS
This implies that an action can be done irrespective of the results.
Categorical imperative
The concept of an autonomous will.
KANT’S ETHICS
Two types of duties exist
perfect and imperfect
Established by William David Ross, and Aristotelian philosopher
ROSS’ ETHICS
Rightness of an action is not determined by its
consequences
ROSS’ ETHICS
This school of thought viewed deontology as rigid and insensitive in some cases. Moreover, deontological precepts sometimes conflict each other.
ROSS’ ETHICS
This school of thought viewed deontology as rigid and insensitive in some cases. Moreover, deontological precepts sometimes conflict each other.
ROSS’ ETHICS
moral rules serves as only a guideline and should not be absolute or inflexible.
ROSS’ ETHICS
Rightness and goodness are the only moral properties.
ROSS’ ETHICS
Absolute rules are often insensitive to the consequences of an act.
ROSS’ ETHICS
Nonmoral properties need to be ascertained (why/what)
ROSS’ ETHICS
greater balance of rightness over wrongness
PRIMA FACIE DUTY
There is only one what duty?
prima facie duty
SEVEN TYPES OF PRIMA FACIE DUTIES
Fidelity, Reparation, Gratitude, Justice, Beneficence, Self-Improvement, Nonmaleficence
● Being faithful to our duties, obligation, vows,
or pledges.
● Being loyal to a worthy cause
Duty of Fidelity
● The duty of making amend for injuries that we have inflicted over others.
● Asking for forgiveness is insufficient.
● “Kung nakagawa ng masama, gumawa ka
naman ng mabuti.”
Duty of Reparation
● Appreciating and recognizing the services
other have done for us.
Duty of Gratitude
● We can enjoy the social benefits with others,
but we should also equally share with them
the burdens of social living.
● Example: The human rights
Duty of Justice
● The duty to do what is good.
● This type of duty enjoins us not only to bring
about what is good for others but also to help
them better their conditions with respect to
duty to virtue, intelligence, or comfort.
Duty of Beneficence
● This is the duty to do what is good to one’s self.
● We are encouraged to improve ourselves in
order to serve others.
Duty of Self-Improvement
● The duty of not causing harm/injury to others.
● We ought to avoid inflicting evil, injury, or harm upon others as we would avoid doing so to ourselves.
● Culpable negligence is an infraction of this
duty.
● “Ang masakit sa iyo ay huwag mong gawin sa kapwa mo.”
Duty of Nonmaleficence
Postulated by John Rawls, a Harvard philosopher.
RAWL’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
Synthesized the deontological and utilitarian views.
RAWL’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
Justice is fairness in terms of the “original position.”
RAWL’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
If principles that would support inequalities in their society are introduced, the outcome would be that the people in their original position would take advantage of it.
RAWL’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
The greater good to be shared by all members should not justify the loss of freedom of others.
RAWL’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
Or, the larger sum of advantages which is supposedly to be enjoyed by the many should not outweigh the inconveniences to be imposed on a few.
RAWL’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
Every individual is inviolable (never to be broken, infringed, or dishonored).
RAWL’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
2 RAWL’S PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE
1 Equal access to the basic human rights and
liberties.
2 Fair equality of opportunity and the equal
distribution of socioeconomic inequalities.
Also known as natural law ethics/Thomistic ethics/Christian Ethics
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS’ ETHICS
the source of the moral law is reason itself.
NATURAL LAW/ ST. THOMAS AQUINAS’ ETHICS
Human good is that which is suitable to or proper for the human nature.
NATURAL LAW/ ST. THOMAS AQUINAS’ ETHICS
The good is built into human nature and it is that to which we are directed by our natural inclinations as both physical and rational creatures
NATURAL LAW/ ST. THOMAS AQUINAS’ ETHICS
THREE NATURAL INCLINATIONS OF HUMANS
● Self-preservation
● Just dealings with others
● Propagation of our species.
Natural moral law is founded on human nature itself.
(unchangeable)
