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BIOC 221 - Metabolism > ETC and ATP synthesis > Flashcards

ETC and ATP synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria is permeable to small molecules and ions (T/F)?

A

False! Only the outer membrane is open to small molecules and ions through porins.

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2
Q

Name 4 electron acceptors/carriers that bring electrons to the ETC.

A

NAD+, NADP+, FAD+, FMN

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3
Q

What cycle/pathway serves the purpose of regenerating NADPH?

A

Pentos phosphate pathway

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4
Q

The electron transport chain can transfer what 3 things?

A 
Electrons
Hydrogen atoms (H = H+ + e-)
Hydride atoms (H- = H+ + 2e-)
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5
Q

What are three other electron carrying molecules (Besides NAD+, NADP+, FAD+, FMN)

A

Ubiquinone (hydrophobic)
Cytochromes (Protein containing heme + iron)
Iron-Sulfur proteins

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6
Q

A reducing equivalent means:

A 
Electrons transferred (# electrons that can be removed to reduce molecule) Ex: H = H+ + e-, hydrogen has 1 reducing equivalent. 
A double electron equivalent would be a hydride (H- = H+ + 2e-)
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7
Q

Where is Ubiquinone synthesized?

A

In the cells, so is not a vitamin. It’s also known as Coenzyme Q.

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8
Q

Ubiquinone can carry how many electrons? When fully reduced, what is ubiquinone called?

A

2 electrons which can be donated one at a time.

When fully reduced, ubiquinone is known as Ubiquinol, QH2

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9
Q

Ubiquinone can accept 2 electrons in the form of a hydride (H-) (T/F)?

A

False, Only NAD+ or NADP+ can accept H-. Ubiquinone has two opposing positions that require a hydrogen (one e-)

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10
Q

Cytochromes do how many electron transfers?

A

1 e-

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11
Q

Heme A carries what R group?

A

An aldehyde! (CHO)

A is for aldehyde

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12
Q

Heme C carries what R group?

A

Cystine!

C is for cystine

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13
Q

Iron-sulfur proteins can transfer how many electrons?

A

1 e-

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14
Q

Iron sulfur’s reduction potential is tuned by what?

A

protein/aminoacid

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15
Q

What is the ultimate acceptor?

A

oxygen

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16
Q

Electrons flow from the ______ reduction potential (E) to the ______

A

Lowest E reduction potential to the highest

17
Q

Cytochorme’s reduction potential depends on their heme environment (T/F)?

A

True

18
Q

What are the initial electron donors of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH and FADH2

19
Q

Where do NADH and FADH2 get their electrons from?

A

CAC and beta oxidation (some amino acid oxidation)

20
Q

When O2 is fully reduced ETC, what does it become?

A

H2O. Because Electron donor is 2H+ and electron acceptor is O2

21
Q

The ETC can accept electrons from NADPH (T/F)?

A

False! NADPH must be converted to NADH before ETC can accept electrons

22
Q

What is complex 1 in ETC called?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

23
Q

What is complex 2 in ETC called? What does it do?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase. Converts succinate to fumarate.

24
Q

What is complex 3 in ETC called?

A

Ubiquinone cytochrome c oxidoreductase.

25
Q

What is complex 4 in ETC called? What does it do?

A

cytochrome oxidase. reoxidizes cytochrome c

26
Q

Which side are protons usually pumped across towards?

A

the P side (positive side)

27
Q

Which complexes in the ETC pump protons, which do not?

A

Complex 1, 3, 4 pump protons, complex 2 does not

28
Q

Pumping protons requires energy (T/F)?

A

True, pumping protons needs to be coupled with an exergonic reaction (NADH + H+ + Q –> NAD+ + QH2)

29
Q

Ubiquinol being hydrophobic is beneficial how?

A

Allows it to stay within the mitochondrial membrane

30
Q

How many protons are pumped for every 2 electrons across the mitochondrial membrane?

A

10 H+

31
Q

When Ubiquinone or ETC is blocked, what happens?

A
  1. no electric transport
  2. no proton gradient
  3. Shuts down ATP synthase
32
Q

What happens when ATP synthase is blocked?

A

No ATP produced
No release of proton gradient
Shut down of ETC

33
Q

ATP synthase and ETC are obligately coupled (T/F)?

A

True! When one is not running, the other is inhibited

34
Q

What is the major energy barrier for ATP synthase?

A

Release of ATP from the enzyme

35
Q

ATP synthase is regulated by

A

Substrate/acceptor control. Availability of ADP

36
Q

The concentration of ATP and ADP controls…

A

electron transfer, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate oxidation, glycolysis

BIOC 221 - Metabolism (6 decks)

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