essay titles Flashcards
the importance of membranes of different types of cells
-LDR photosynthesis (thylakoid membranes/granum)
ETC closely packed proteins in the membrane which enable electrons to move and release energy for the active transport of H+ from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen to create an EC gradient. ATP synthase.
-LIR - ATP and NADPH reduces GP to TP which make hexose sugars- respiration, converted into aa, stored as starch, converted to cellulose for cell walls, converted into lipids
-epithelial membranes
Na+ actively transported out of epithelial cell into blood through a carrier protein embedded in membrane
creates a conc grad so Na+ and glucose are cotransported into the epithelial cell through cotransporter protein embedded in membrane of epithelial cell
lots of embedded contransporter protein, folded membrane for large SA
important in the absorption of digested products
glucose moved into blood to be transported for respiration
produces ATP for metabolic processes e.g. muscle contraction
-pre and post synaptic membrane
vesicles fuse with pre and NT is released. binds to receptors in post. Na+ channels on post open
enables action potentials to be passed from neuron to neuron/muscle. respond to stimuli
-phagocytes membrane in phagocytosis
phagocytes are in blood and tissues and attracted to chemoattractants released by pathogens. they have receptors on their membrane that binds to the antigens
the phagocytes changes shape to engulf the pathogen forming a phagosome
a lysosme fuses with the phagosome releasing lysosymes to hydrolysed and destroy the pathogen
the products are taken in by the phagocytes and displayed on their cell surface membrane (APC)
APC activates humoural response to enable active long term immunity
the importance of microbes
-humoural response
interaction between bacteria and B cells enables long term active immunity which has been utilised in medicine to created vaccines made of dead or inactive pathogens or antigens
-nitrogen cycle (nitrifying/denitrifying/saprobionts/nitrogen fixing)
enables nitrogen to be absorbed in the form of nitrates
needed for proteins, atp, nucleic acids)
-in vivo cloning
bacteria in insulin production results in large quantities of insulin being produced rapidly to treat type 1 diabetes
DNA fragment (insulin gene) isolated using reverse transcript, restriction endo or gene machine then amplified
restrict endo and ligase used to insert gene into plasmid
insert plasmid into bacteria which multiply and can be identified using marker genes
-succession (pioneer species)
enable change in abiotic conditions to help increase biodiversity and make environment more stable
the importance of different types of relationships and interactions between organisms
-mycorrhize
symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant. more nitrogen absorbed, more amino acids produced
-courtship behaviors
increases likelihood of successful reproduction and passing on advantageous alleles
-humoural response
interaction between bacteria and B cells enables long term active immunity used in medicine to create vaccines
-natural selection
interactions between competing organisms in natural selection is important as it makes an entire population more adapted to their environment to survive
the importance of the structure and function of carbohydrates
-starch, cellulose and glycogen
-respiration
-in plants cellulose (structure) and sucrose (transport)
-control of blood glucose
The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms
-enzymes (digestion)
-antigens, antibodies, T and B cells
-action potentials and synaptic transmission
-transcriptional factors, oestrogen
Describe how the structures of different polymers are related to their functions
-cellulose, glycogen and starch
-enzymes
-DNA
-antibodies
importance of water
-properties of water
-photolysis
-mass transport and transpiration
-blood water control (ADH)
the importance of ATP
-muscle contraction
-active transport (glucose absorption)
-maintaining resting potential
-respiration and photosynthesis
importance of inorganic ions
-nitrogen cycles
-action potentials and nerve impulses
-absorption of glucose
-phosphate ions in DNA and RNA
The importance of responses to changes in the internal and external environment of an organism
-Immune response
-Changes in populations - selection pressures
-Responses to stimuli
-haemoglobin
Movements inside cells
-Plasma membranes and movement across
-Water movement in plants/xylem
-Neurones and synaptic vesicles
-Electron transport chains
The importance of proteins in the control of processes and responses in organisms
-Control of movement across Membranes
-Immunology
-Action potentials and Synaptic transmission
-Gene therapy involving proteins
How energy is transferred within and between organisms
Photosynthesis
Mass transport
Nerve impulses
Digestion and Absorption
cycles
Nitrogen cycle
The mechanism of breathing
The cell cycle/mitosis
Muscle contraction
The importance of nitrogen-containing substances in biological systems
proteins and enzymes
ATP
nitrogen cycle
nucleic acids
