Essay plans Flashcards
Explain the importance of nitrogen-containing substances in biological systems (25)
1)
- enzymes made from amino acids which contain nitrogen. (describe funstion of DNA helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase)
- these enzymes are important for DNA replication in mitosis (describe mitosis and why it is important)
> DNA enzymes
important for DNA replication in mitosis
2)
- Proteins are polymers formed of sequences of amino acids which contain nitrogen. (describe structure of proteins)
- An example of an important protein is haemoglobin (describe it’s structure, co-operative binding, unloading + loading of oxygen, bohr effect and why haemoglobin is important)
> proteins
important protein is hemoglobin
3)
- Ribosomes are cell organelles made up ofproteinswhich form the 70s and 80s ribosomal subunits. These proteins contain nitrogen. (describe what the ribosome does and its structure etc)
- the ribosome is important because it catalyses the formation of peptide bonds betweenthis amino acidsto form proteins. For example, haemoglobin. (explain importance of haemoglobin)
> ribosomes
important for producing proteins (haemoglobin)
4)
- DNA and RNA are made of monomer nucleotides made of a sugar, base and phosphate. The base contains nitrogen. (describe complimentary base pairing, how they H bond etc)
- Genetic code is degenerate, meaning 3 bases will code for 1 amino acid. In this code mutations can occur, for example a point mutation which is the change of a single base. (explain why this is important in adaptions which could be advantageous - higher reproductive success etc)
> DNA and RNA have bases containing nitrogen
important because mutation in bases leads to variation etc
5)
- enzymes as biological catalysts (structure, induced fit, specificity)
- specificity important in digestion (endopeptidases etc, faster absorption to rebuild new amino acids and proteins etc)
> enzymes contain nitrogen
importance in digestion
Explain the importance of diffusion in organisms (25)
X
Explain the importance of protein shape in essential processes in organisms (25)
1)
- enzymes in DNA replication
- important because if DNA replication cannot occur it would affect mitosis (explain how it would affect mitosis by producing haploid daughter cells etc)
2)
- antibodies
- important in stopping viral replication. (can stop complimentary binding of viral attachment proteins to proteins on the surface of the host cell by forming an antibody-antigen complex instead)
> antibodies
important in preventing viral replication
3)
- enzymes (induced fit theory, lowering activation energy etc)
- important because glucose can be formed from hydrolysis of maltose catalysed by maltase ( describe how glucose goes on to be used in glycolysis)
> enzymes (general, maltase)
produces glucose for glycolysis
4)
- shape of pyruvate translocase in mitochondrial membrane which allows active transport of pyruvate across mitochondrial membrane (explain changes that occur in enzyme)
- importantance of pyruvate entering for link eaction to form acetate to combine with CoA to form aceyl CoA to combine with oxaloacetate to form citrate for Krebs cycle
> enzyme as carrier protein (pyruvate translocase)
importance in link reaction –> Krebs cycle
5)
- haemoglobin (talk about structure, unloading and loading, bohr effect etc)
- importance of getting oxygen to respiring cells (oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen as terminal electron acceptor)
> haemoglobin
oxidative phosphorylation –> terminal e- acceptor
Explain the importance of movement in living organisms (25)
X
?
- relate to thing in question
- how thing above effects this
