Essay - Intelligence Flashcards
What is intelligence? (3)
- Problem solving and critical thinking
- Abstract reasoning - what if I did this? Or that?
- Metacognition - thinking about one’s own thinking
How does culture impact on intelligence?
What is intelligence in one culture may not be considered intelligent in another
What was Spearman’s view of intelligence?
In 1927, Spearman viewed intelligence as a single ability, sometimes explained as also including specific mental abilities
What was Cattell and Horn’s study?
Fluid & Crystallised intelligence
Fluid intelligence seen as non-verbal and mental efficiency eg solving a maze
Crystallised intelligence based on culture, facts and experience
What was Carroll’s 3 layer model?
single ability at top followed by 70 other intelligences
What was Howard Gardner’s (1999) view
Multiple intelligence view of several separate intelligences Eg logical (mathematical), linguistic (novelist), musical (guitarist), spatial (yachtsperson), bodily-kinaesthetic (yoga teacher) and so on
What was Steinberg’s Triarctic Intelligence Theory?
Three aspects to intelligence - analytical, creative, practical ability. All have a memory component
E.g Maths - memorise speed = d/t, Analytical - use formula to estimate time between 2 towns, Creative - create a word problem using formula, practical ability - Solve a word problem using formula
What is tacit knowledge?
Knowledge you do not get from being taught, but from experience. It is
- learned through everyday experience
- Knowing how
- Procedural rather than factual
What are the strengths of intelligence theories?
Give us a way to conceptualise and think about differences, abilities and needs of students
What are the limitations of intelligence theories? (2)
- No real strong empirical evidence.
2. Difficult to know what models are useful to teachers
How do we measure intelligence? (3)
- Alfred Binet
- Mental age
- IQ intelligence quotient
What is the IQ quotient?
Mental age/chronological age x 100
What was the Binet test?
Result of request by French government. Looked at students to find out what the average student at a certain age would do in a test. Anyone who fell above or below the average was considered to have a higher or lower intelligence. This test has been changed and extended due to cultural aspects - test from turn of century would not apply today
What is deviation IQ?
Outside the mean or average of a particular test
What is an individual intelligence test
Teacher/parents expresses concern. Psychologist organises. Test done. Psychologist makes assessment.
