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Essay 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

UNIT 3
What are three erosional processes?

A

Abrasion, Plucking, Sub-glacial meltwater erosion.

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2
Q

UNIT 3
What is erosion

A

Removal of rock by ice, water, wind or gravity

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3
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are economically active but unemployed? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 3%
Outside - 18%
Average - 4%
Outside of redeveloped area is more deprived then the rest of England, while inside is much better then the rest of England, funds from here could have been spread across several areas.

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4
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Roche Moutonnees? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

Resistant rock that is smooth on one side and rigid on the other. Formed during regulation slip, with abrasion on the stoss side and plucking on the lee side.
Meso
Pen y Benglog - on Ogwen step

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5
Q

UNIT 3
What is a polished rock? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

sand, silt and clay (fine particles) polish rock surface, from abrasion.
Micro
Found on Roche Mountonees in Nant Ffrancon valley

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6
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much did rent prices increase in Shoreditch in stage 2? How much was the average for east London?

A

53% vs 26%. Over 2 times the average for east London

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7
Q

UNIT 3:
What is the tertiary sector?

A

Services

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8
Q

UNIT 3
What is weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock, in situ

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9
Q

UNIT 3
Why are sub-glacial meltwater channels powerful?

A

Ice adds pressure, increasing hydrostatic pressure and velocity

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10
Q

UNIT 3
What landforms also occour in Nant Ffrancon valley?

A

Roche Mountonees, truncated spurs, hanging valleys and misfit river (Afon Ogwen), lateral moraines

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11
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Truncated spur? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

steep cliff face in a glacial trough. In a pre existing river valley interlocking spurs occour, as the river erodes the path of least resistance. As the glaicer moves down the valley these interlocking spurs are eroded.
Macro
Half dome in Yosemite

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12
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 3 of gentrification benefit?

A

high income - business/private sector
high value services
private sector corporations - office buildings
Property owners

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13
Q

UNIT 3:
How did Covid impact highstreets?

A

Decrease in footfall, and services (cafes/restaurants). Spending drops to 80% of pre lockdown. Little commuters traveling to work, no day visitors, local residents did not invest in services.
235,000 jobs lost in 2022, double the amount from 2018. - less footfall

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14
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are in professional employment? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 60%
Outside - 16%
Average - 28%
Many professional jobs are inside. People outside do not have the same employment opportunites

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15
Q

UNIT 3
How tall is Glyder Fawr? What type of weathering occurs at the top because of its height?

A

1001m, freeze thaw weathering

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16
Q

UNIT 3:
Why are some CBDs still in decline?

A

Competition from retail online, Out of town shopping centres, CBD retail redevelopments in nearby settlements, Out of town office developments, entertainment complexes, COVID-19, cost of living crisis

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17
Q

UNIT 3:
Why has internet shopping increased? How does growth of internet retail effect CBDs?

A

improvements in technology
Saves time - more convenient, comparison shopping (prices and reviews), greater variety, cheaper (less labour/automation, stored in a warehouse)

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18
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was the apartment development called in Shoreditch?

A

Galliard Homes - “the stage”

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19
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was ironic about the Galliard Homes

A

‘Street art’ throughout the apartment with exposed brick, as an ode to the urban pioneers who used to live there but can no longer

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Were people right to protest cereal killer café?

A

No - working class people attacked a small business instead of a major cooperation (Versace)

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22
Q

UNIT 3
How long and deep is Nant Ffrancon Valley

A

700m deep and 5km long

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23
Q

UNIT 3:
What is stage 3 of gentrification?

A

Wealthy residents are attracted (business class). Leading to; exclusive housing, office/tertiary employment, services are orientated to affluent (high prices). Original working class and urban pioneers are priced out

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24
Q

UNIT 3:
What is stage 2 of gentrification?

A

Area is trendy, more affluent workers move in, tourist numbers increase due to services, demand for residential and commercial property increases (rent is increased). Working class and low value services (replaced by high value services) are outpriced

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25
Q

UNIT 3
How many cirques surround the Nant Ffrancon valley? What direction do they face?

A

7, North east

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26
Q

UNIT 3
What orientations are cirques. Why?

A

Northern hemisphere corries face north east. Receives the least amount of insolation (lower temperatures), meaning firn can form

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27
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why do people oppose Galliard Homes?

A

High rent prices, eyesore, investors are from overseas, little affordable housing

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28
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What did the ‘big city plan’ aim to do?

A

expand city core by 25%, extend walkways and canals, £600 million investment in new street station, investment in library, paradise circus and arena

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29
Q

UNIT 3
Why do sub-glacial meltwater channels have different discharge patterns to normal streams?

A

discharge comes from ablation in summer, movement is based on topography and movement of ice

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30
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 3 of gentrification NOT benefit?

A

Working class, urban pioneers, low value services - priced out

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31
Q

UNIT 3
Explain dilatation

A

Rocks fracture parralell to pressure when the pressure is released (glacier melts). Rocks expand and fracture fue to the pressure release. Called pressure relase or unloading.

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32
Q

UNIT 3
How is a rock step formed?
Case Study

A

a change in geology, band of hard rock and band of soft rock. Glacier does not erode hard rock but erodes soft rock, causing a drop in altitude.
Ogwen step

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33
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the NIA? How many jobs did the NIA create?

A

Office and leisure developments. Over 10,000 jobs created

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34
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 1 of gentrification benefit?

A

Urban pioneers - cheap rent
Working class - prevents spiral of decline
Property owners - empty buildings generate income

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35
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What was Brindley place like in 1970s

A

Run down, derelict factories along canal

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36
Q

UNIT 3
What is a cirque/cwm/corrie
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

A large bowl shaped hollow, found at the head of a valley glacier.
Macro
Cwm coch

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37
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Striations? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

long scratches on bedrock, from abrasion
micro
Found on Roche Mountonees in Nant Ffrancon valley

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38
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How big is Brindley place? When was it regenerated? How much did it cost? what did it develop?

A

15 hectares, 1987, costing over £200million, leisure, commercial and residential

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39
Q

UNIT 3
What impacts freeze thaw weathering?

A

Geology of rock (more porous (absorption)/ bedding (gaps in formation)
Climate - temperature must be able to fluctuate between 0 degrees Celsius
Altitude - decrease in temp higher up
Aspect - Orientation of rock, North vs Southern hemisphere

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40
Q

UNIT 3:
Why has cost of living increased?

A

Invasion of Ukraine increasing oil prices, meaning fuel costs increases, so transporting goods becomes more expensive, meaning goods prices increases.

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41
Q

UNIT 3
What are the factors effecting abrasion?

A

Ice thickness - thicker ice causes more erosion due to higher pressure, but too thick and the glacier becomes hard to move
Subglacial meltwater - Increases speed of glacier, but too much lubricant means the glacier will not erode
Relative hardness/resistance of debris and bedrock - if bedrock is harder there will be less erosion, weak debris turns into rock flour
Shape of debris - angular debris causes striations and cracks, fine sand and clay smooth and polish
Supply of debris - More debris causes more erosion, but it depends on the type of debris. Too much causes lower speed
Speed of glacier - Fast movement causes more erosion up to a point - too fast causes less erosion

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42
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What factor has people with professional occupation increased by in Shoreditch? What has working class decreased by.

A

professional occupancy up by x2.5
working class decreased by 50%

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43
Q

UNIT 3
Explain freeze thaw weathering

A

Water enters a crack in a rock, the temperature fluctuates on either side of 0 degrees Celsius. Water freezes and expands by 9% in volume. Putting pressure on rock, after repeated cycles the rock splits

44
Q

UNIT 3:
What is re-urbanisation?

A

Movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced out migration

45
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Does gentrification always follow 3 steps. Give a case study

A

No - Harborne, South west Birmingham. Never experienced artistic community

46
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
Where did redevelopment occur

A

Inner area of Birmingham

47
Q

UNIT 3: LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What is the local multiplier effect? What is an examples of this

A

growth in a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy. Broad street - redevelopment of Brindley place turned it from shops and services, to leisure (bars, restaurants and clubs).

48
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Give an example of an Urban Pioneer in Shoreditch. What did they create?

A

Stick Man. made a mural about the effects of gentrification (past present and future of Shoreditch) (alienation/isolation)

49
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why did people protest against gentrification

A

Working class people completely disenfranchised. Government offers no help

50
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much does a 3 bedroom on the 26th floor cost in Galliard homes

A

£2,600,000

51
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Brindley place developed? How much did it cost?

A

£200+ million. 1990s

52
Q

UNIT 3:
What is stage 1 of gentrification?

A

In deindustrialised areas, working class inner city locations, artists and hipsters (urban pioneers) more in, taking advantage of low rent.
Trendy community develops with services.
Limited impact on property prices and pre-existing working class residents.

53
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What does disenfranchised mean?

A

Cannot affoard

54
Q

UNIT 3
How tall is the Edinburgh Crag and Tail? What type of rock was it made from?

A

130m tall. Igneous rock

55
Q

UNIT 3:
What is a key factor behind tertiarisation?

A

improved productivity in secondary and primary industries through mechanisation (less labour needed). Affluent population, more leisure time, growth of IT

56
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was the Commonwealth games? How much did it cost?

A

2022, £700 million

57
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is Dudley investing in?

A

Investments in heritage (Charlton house)/tourism (castle). £6 million investment in market ‘modernising’. 3 Colleges

58
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Macro landform?
What is a meso landform
What is a micro landform

A

Macro - big 1km+
Meso are often found in macro landforms
Micro are the smallest and often a few m

59
Q

UNIT 3
How much of a drop is Ogwen step?

A

170m

60
Q

UNIT 3: LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What shops are found in the Mailbox?

What is found in broad street?

A

Mailbox - designer brands, art galleries, restaurants/bars - Appeal to affluent

Broad street - Clubs, bars, restaurants, clubs

Both appeal to affluent population

61
Q

UNIT 3:
What is gentrification?

A

displacement of working class-population in an area, as a more affluent population move in.

62
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Chatter marks? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

small intermittent chips from abrasion, ice is not in continuous contact with rock.
Micro
Found on Roche Mountonees in Nant Ffrancon valley

63
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What café was victim of anti-gentrification protests? What did they do? Why?

A

Cereal killer Café. Threw paint, etc.. Increasing prices for products.

64
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What happens to house prices in Brindley place compared to Ladywood?

A

464% increase, less then 300m from one another

65
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Pyramidal Peak? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

Three or more corries erode, the remaining central area becomes sharp and steeper due to frost shattering.
Macro
Glyder Fawr - Snowdonia

66
Q

UNIT 3
What is an example of freeze thaw?

A

Summit of Glyder Fawr

67
Q

UNIT 3
Plucking also occurs in what movement?

A

Regelation slip

68
Q

UNIT 3:
What is the effect of the cost of living?

A

People setting budgets in day to day life and over holidays. disposable incomes fell by 0.5% on average in 2022. Some prices of basic goods have increased by 50%

69
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is Broad street?

A

Entertainment zone, within walking distance of new street, attract young, wealthy (office workers)

70
Q

UNIT 3
Explain plucking

A

meltwater seeps into cracks in the rock, it refreezes, when the glacier moves to rock is plucked from the bedrock, causing the entrapment of rocks

71
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Arete? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

Sharp, knife edge ridge, produced by two corries eroding back to back towards each over (or two glacial troughs).
Macro
Crib Goch - Snowdonia

72
Q

UNIT 3
What are two types of weathering?

A

Freeze thaw / frost shattering, dilatation

73
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the main employment types in Brindley place? What does this mean for the working class of Ladywood?

A

Technology, Transport, Media, Banking (Specialised - Working class cannot be employed)

74
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 2 of gentrification benefit?

A

Artists - market for art
Affluent residents
Tourists - spend money in businesses
High value services/small businesses - have customers
property owners - demand increases, so rent increases

75
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
Why is inside the redevelopment filled with young, affluent people?

A

Gentrification

76
Q

UNIT 3
What is an example of sub-glacial meltwater erosion?

A

Gwaun valley, North Pembrokeshire (South Wales)

77
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are educated to degree level? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 71%
Outside - 19%
Average - 27%
Inside are people with high levels skills, so can get specialised jobs, and can afford the 464% increase in rent. Outside is below average for England - deprived

78
Q

UNIT 3
Explain abrasion

A

Weathered rocks are embedded as sub glacial debris (under glacier), this scrapes away at rock. Large pieces of rock cause scratches and striations, while fine particles cause smoothing an polishing (like sandpaper). When the debris gets worn away it turns into rock flour.

79
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was ‘The big city plan’ launched? How much did it cost? How much did it transform?

A

2010, taking 20 years to complete, costing £10 billion, transforming 800 hectares

80
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is the out of town shopping centre that effects Dudley? What is the CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements that effects Dudley? What is the out of town office development, what is it close to?

A

Merry Hill - 220 shops, 28 catering, leisure, 7000 free parking spaces, 98 busses an hour, 20million visitors a year
Bullring - 160 shops, 40 million visitors a year, metro makes it accessible from Dudley
Waterfront (office) - 138 rooms, 600 seat conference centre, bars and restaurants, employs 3000 people, 600m from Merry hill

81
Q

UNIT 3
How does sub-glacial meltwater occour?

A

Increase of meltwater in summer, water flows into cracks and forces rocks out (hydraulic action).
Rocks grind and scrape rock (abrasion)
Ricks bounce around, making them rounder (attrition)
Chemicals in rock release minerals (corrosion)
Lateral erosion and vertical erosion find path of least resistance

82
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Hanging valley? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

A smaller U shaped valley joins a larger glacier. because the small glacier erodes less vertically it is hanging above the larger glacier. May have waterfalls.
Macro

83
Q

UNIT 3
What are the two processes of weathering

A

Physical processes and chemical processes

84
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 2? What was it like?

A

2000s, trendy - attracting hipster groups, businesses rising property prices

85
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What two categories are reasons for decline

A

Impacting some areas (local)
Out of town shopping areas, Development of other urban centres in close proximity
Impacting national
Decline of high streets nationally, Rise in online shopping, COVID 19, Cost of living

86
Q

UNIT 3:
What does Redevelopment aim to do?

A

Bring people back into deindustrialised areas.

87
Q

UNIT 3
What is a rose diagram?

A

Circular histogram, showing directional data and frequency

88
Q

UNIT 3
What does plucking need to occour?

A

fractures in bedrock, resistant obstacles and meltwater

89
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 1? What was it like?

A

1980s, buildings in disrepair/abandoned

Artistic community, (Damien hurst), street art created
Working class cafes - mixed community

90
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have no qualifications? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 4%
Outside - 32%
Average - 22%
Outside people have a low level of education, so have hard time getting specialised jobs, such as in Brindley place. More deprived

91
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What three main strategies have been used to redevelop Birmingham?

A

Brindley Place, ‘The big city plan’, 2022 Commonwealth Games

92
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What ranking is Dudley in the vitality index? What does this mean for Dudley? What may have caused this?

A

500 out of 500, low quality retail offer (charity shops/vacant)

93
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Where is Shoreditch?

A

Northeast of London, inner city

94
Q

UNIT 3:
How much did the GVA (Gross value added) of the tertiary sector grow from 1970 and 2006

A

from 50% to 78% GVA

95
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 2 of gentrification NOT benefit?

A

Working class - due to increased rent they are priced out / disenfranchised/marginalised

96
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
Due to a rise in online shops what businesses have closed in Dudley

A

Wilko, Woolworths

97
Q

UNIT 3
How long and wide is Llyn Ogwen? How was it formed?

A

1..5km long and 350m wide. Formed by Ogwen glacier

98
Q

UNIT 3
What is a Crag and tail? How are they formed?
Macro/Meso/Micro?
Case study

A

An steep wall of rock followed by a gentle slope. Resistant rock protects softer rock behind it, forming a gently sloping tail on lee side and a steep side, which has plucking and abrasion occur.
Meso
Edinburgh castle

99
Q

UNIT 3
What does the Gribin Ridge (Arete) separate

A

Two cirques, cwm cneifion and cwm bochlwyd

100
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 3? What was it like?

A

2010 to present. Demographic changes to wealthier population, changing services (Versace opened a store). Services increase prices to keep up with rent/competition

101
Q

UNIT 3
How are cirques/cwm/corrie formed

A

on North facing slopes in winter, small hollows freeze thaw weathering occurs. in summer meltwater removes the debris, enlarging the hollow, called nivation. Firn compacts into ice.

Accumulation results in rotational movement of ice, meltwater from pressure melting adds to this effects, this movement causes stage 2.
Ice rotates, removing fragments from the back wall via plucking, causing a steep, jagged backwall. Rock fragments cause ablation on the hollows floor, deepening the corrie. Crevasses, called bergschrunds add meltwater, causing more rotational movement. Pressure release causes dilation cracks to form, weakening the floor of the glacier, aiding erosion. Glacier begins to moves over the lip of the corrie and out of the rock basin. with abrasion on the stoss side and plucking on the lee side.

102
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have homes rented from the council? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 1%
Outside - 73%
Average - 9%
Inside people are more wealthy so can afford housing (House prices are more inside of redeveloped area), many rich people moved to Brindley place. Outside is very deprived as it is well above the average for England

103
Q

UNIT 3
What is sub glacier meltwater erosion?

A

Meltwater channels under glacier, high velocity causes erosion at the glacier’s bed and the widening and deepening of channels

104
Q

UNIT 3:
How does out of town shopping centres and CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements effect CBDs? Why are these more popular?

A

less footfall in CBD, more variety in shops, can shop for different things in one go (purpose built).
Better accessibility, not weather dependent, free parking, safer (security guards)

105
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Symphony court created? How many houses created?
When was King Edward’s Wharf created? How many appartments?

A

completed in 1995, 143 houses

Completed in 2003, 243 apartments

Geography Edquadus (4 decks)

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