Changing places Flashcards
UNIT 1:
What jobs did people in the black country have 100 years ago?
Farming, little machinery - more labour intensive
factories - making chains and glass
Coal mining
UNIT 1:
Why has employment in the Black Country changed?
Globalisation - movement of industry overseas
Mechanisation - machines replacing people’s jobs
less demand for agriculture/manufacturing - imports
UNIT 1:
What is primary industry?
Examples:
Extraction of raw material from the ground or sea.
Fishing, farming, forestry, mining
UNIT 1:
What is the secondary industry?
Examples:
Manufacturing of goods using raw materials from the primary industry
Steel making, Car manufacturing, construction
UNIT 1:
What is the tertiary industry?
Examples:
Provision of services to people or industries.
Retail, banking, teaching, hospitals
UNIT 1:
What is the tertiary sector split into
Private - banking, insurance, retail
Public - Government ran - schools, hospitals, police
UNIT 1:
What is the quaternary industry?
Examples:
Knowledge based sector, information communication technology, research and development
Scientist, ICT worker
UNIT 1:
What is the creative industries?
Examples:
Jobs creating art
Art, music, books, movies, architecture
UNIT 1:
What is the pre-industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?
Before industry develops.
Dominated by primary sector, which falls (from 70% to 55%).
Secondary and tertiary sectors increase (from 20% to 30% and 10% to 15% respectively)
UNIT 1:
What is the Industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?
Industry is booming - many factories and services. Mix of Primary secondary and tertiary. Primary decreases (from 55% to 15%). Secondary increases (from 30%) peaks (at 45%) then decreases (to 35%). Tertiary increases (from 15% to 60%)
UNIT 1:
When was the industrial revolution in the UK?
1760
UNIT 1:
What is the post-industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?
Closure of factories, many jobs in tertiary. Emergence of quaternary sector. Tertiary increases (from 50% to 55%). Secondary decreases (from 50% to 30%), primary decreases (from 30% to 10%)
UNIT 1:
When was the deindustrialisation in the UK?
1950
UNIT 1:
Example of a country in pre industrial phase
Burkina Faso
UNIT 1:
Example of a country in industrial phase
China
UNIT 1:
Example of a country in post industrial phase
UK
UNIT 1:
When was the first census in the UK? what does this mean?
1841, meaning any graphs for the UK start in 1841, as we do not have any data from before then
UNIT 1:
What is an LEDC/LIC?
Low income country
Poorest countries - primary industries - pre industrial phase
UNIT 1:
What is a NIC/EE?
Emerging economies
Experiencing industrialisation - growth of secondary and tertiary sectors - industrial phase
UNIT 1:
What is a MEDC/HIC?
High income countries
Wealthiest countries - Tertiary and quaternary sectors - post-industrial phase
UNIT 1:
Is the Clarke fisher model reliable? Why?
No
Not all countries will follow the same pattern - landlocked vs not
There is exceptions from the model
There are different rates of development - China
UNIT 1:
Why does primary employment decline?
Depletion of resources, cheap imports, mechanisation, social change and value of primary industry, government policy
UNIT 1:
Why does secondary employment decline?
Globalisation, cheaper production in developing countries (Cheap labour, relaxed environmental laws, enterprise zones), Government policies.
UNIT 1:
What was the main primary industry in the UK?
Coal
UNIT 1:
How many people were employed in coal mining in the 1920s UK
1.2 million
UNIT 1:
Why was there coal industry in the UK?
accessible seams of coal
UNIT 1:
Why was the coal industry stopped in the UK?
difficult to access coal, cost of production, cheaper to import, Government policies, Social attitudes
UNIT 1:
What 3 countries was 96% of coal imported from in 2012
USA, Russia and Colombia
UNIT 1:
Who decided to close 20 coal mines? What year?
Margret Thatcher, 1984
UNIT 1:
How many jobs did the closure of 20 mines loose?
20,000
UNIT 1:
What did the closure of 20 mines cause?
Miner’s strike
UNIT 1:
Why have social attitudes lead to the decline of coal?
When used for energy coal emits green house gasses, which lead to global warming
Climate conferences set goals, like Kyoto in 1997
Renewable energy sources have been created, London array powers
UNIT 1:
How many homes does the London Array wind power farm fuel
over 500,000 homes
UNIT 1:
As of what year does the UK produce more energy from renewables then coal
2017
UNIT 1:
Why has agricultural employment declined but production has remained the same?
Mechanisation - machines taking people’s jobs.
This means there needs to be less workers for the same output
UNIT 1:
Compare agricultural employment in 1841 and 2011
1841 - 22%
2011 - 1%
UNIT 1:
What is the process of secondary employment declining called?
Deindustrialisation
UNIT 1:
Compare secondary employment in the UK between 1966 and 2011
1966 - 8,940,000
2011 - 2,740,000
UNIT 1:
What did Birmingham use to make?
Cars and Metal goods
UNIT 1:
Why were certain areas of the UK better for certain products.
More suited to area, using the recourses from that area
UNIT 1:
Why has deindustrialisation occurred in the Uk? Sort into external and internal.
External
Globalisation, Multi-National companies, New technology
Internal
Loss of competitiveness, lack of investment, Human resources issues
UNIT 1:
What is globalisation?
Process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and economies of the world.
UNIT 1:
What are Multi-National compaines?
global companies that dominate the global economy
UNIT 1:
Why do MNCs manufacture products in EEs
Lower labour costs, Fewer employment laws, hard working/ educated workforce, cheaper land and construction costs, relaxed environmental laws, Export processing zones (Low levels of tax)
UNIT 1:
When did global shift start to occur in the UK? Where to?
1950s - Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore
UNIT 1:
What is a RIC, compare it to a NIC
RIC - Recently industrialised economy
Different times (RIC is after NIC)
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Global shift
What is Dyson, and when was it founded?
tech company, specialising in air related products, founded in 1993
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
Where did Dyson move manufacturing to, from where? When did Dyson move manufacturing?
Moved in 2002 to Malaysia from Malmsbury, UK
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
Why did Dyson move manufacturing?
30% lower wages, workers are more skilled then in other EEs, Ability to sell to other countries.
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
What has the movement of Dyson’s manufacturing caused?
222% increase in revenue, 90% of products are sold to other countries then the UK. Creating of 13,000 jobs
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
What happened to UK employment after Dyson moved their manufacturing?
Decrease in secondary, increase in quaternary sector
UNIT 1:
What is an advantage of mechanisation?
Quality control, production can run 24/7, no wages or sick days needed
UNIT 1:
What is a industry that faces mechanisation? Give an example of a company.
Car manufacturing, Jaguar
UNIT 1:
Where were many factories built in the industrial revolution? What does this mean for modern factories?
By Canals, and late built railways and roads. Later residential developments and back to back workers houses
These roads are often narrow, so HGVs cannot travel thorough them. Many modern factories are near motorways, rural, allowing for easy transport of goods.
UNIT 1:
Why are outdated factories not updated, instead often left derelict?
Expensive, less expensive to build a factory by a motorway/cheap land
UNIT 1:
What is lack of investment and financial factors (Interest rates)
High and low interest rates make it more or less expensive to build, run and manage a factory, so during 1970s and 80s many factories moved overseas, due to the average interest rate being 12%
UNIT 1:
How do exchange rates impact the price of British manufactured goods for other countries to buy.
High exchange rates make British goods expensive, causing less to be sold.
UNIT 1:
How do strikes (Human resource issues) impact manufacturing?
Strikes mean that there will be less goods manufactured, so the company looses profits.
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What is British Leyland, when was it formed, how many people did it employ, how many vehicles did it make per year.
Nationalised company, created from the merging of several car companies in 1975, employed 128,000 people, created over 1million vehicles per year.
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What problems did British Leyland face?
unionised workforce, 523 strikes in 30 months, affecting productivity, so many customers switched to other manufacturing. Appalling reliability, unhappy customers, bad reputation
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What is privatisation? What did this mean for British Leyland>
being brought, if a company could not make money or seek investment, they would have to close. Many car companies were lost like Austin or Triumph. Jaguar/Land rover were sold to TATA.
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
How has Britain maintained a car industry, give examples.
Attracting FDI (foreign direct investment)
Honda, Swindon - 3500 employed
Toyota, Derby - 3800 employed.
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry + Brexit
How many people are employed in the car industry in the UK? What does a no deal Brexit mean? What has happened to investments?
856,000, many people will be forced out of jobs, due to little demand. Investment has halved
UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry + Brexit
What percent of car exports from the UK are to countries in the EU.
53.9%
UNIT 2:
Summarise the decline of the inner city
Industrial change/decline (due to the need to modernise factories).
Increasing unemployment. Decline of shops and services (less disposable income). Decline of housing and environment (Poor quality back to back worker’s housing from the19th century, derelict factories, littering, vandalism and crime. Decline.
UNIT 2:
What is an index graph?
Line graph that allows you to compare data from a given point and overall change (starting from 100%)
UNIT 2:
What is the overall decrease of manufacturing between 1981 and 1997?
35%
UNIT 2:
Is Ladywood part of the inner city or CBD?
inner city
UNIT 2:
What starts the cycle of decline?
External and internal factors that cause deindustrilisation.
UNIT 2:
Summarise social exclusion/filtering in deindustrialised places.
Deindustrialisation leading to unemployment. Outward migration of people with high skill levels and education, due to work else where. Low population, high levels of unemployment, low skills/education and prospects. Lower population has little disposable income, leading to decline in shops and services. Suffer social exclusion and deprivation
UNIT 2:
What are the impacts of deprivation?
Lack of investment (services), litter, fly tipping, vandalism, little healthcare, addiction/crime
UNIT 2:
Two figures about Ladywood deprivation
in 2010, highest rate of out of all constituencies in the UK. in 2010 25% of all violent crime in Birmingham happened in Ladywood.
UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - Economically active but unemployed.
L - 8.4% NA - 2.8%
UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - Houses rented from council
L - 75% NA - 9%
UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - No cars
L - 55% NA - 23%
UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - No qualifications
L - 29% NA - 18%
UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - single parent with children
L - 18% NA - 7%
UNIT 2:
What is a EQA
Environmental quality assessment. bi polar scoring system - 0 neither good or bad, - bad, + good
UNIT 2:
What is an overall perception of Ladywood? What is a perception of someone who lives in the area?
Negative - area of deprivation. VS
Positive - see town you are used to in good light
UNIT 2:
What are social impacts of deindustrialisation in Ladywood?
2008 - 81% of families fighting for financial survival. In July 2010 Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all the constituencies in the Uk. 2009 and 2010 25% of all violent crime occurred in Ladywood.
UNIT 2:
What are the environmental impacts of deindustrialisation in Ladywood?
Overall negative EQA average of -6, surveyed across 20+ people. Derelict buildings, housing crisis (not enough room, not good quality housing).
UNIT 2:
What are the economic impacts of deindustrialisation in Ladywood?
July 2010 Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all the constituencies in the Uk. Lorenz curve - closer to axis then line of equality then the rest of the UK. Gini Coefficient the number would be closer to 1 than the rest of Birmingham.
UNIT 2:
What does the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient work??
shows household income distribution in a given area.
UNIT 2:
How does the Lorenz curve work?
Line of equality (45 degrees) is perfect equality (line of equality), while closer to the axis means more inequality
UNIT 2:
How does the Gini Coefficient work?
Score approaching 0 = perfect equality
Score approaching 1 = perfect inequality
UNIT 3:
What is the tertiary sector?
Services
UNIT 3:
What is a key factor behind tertiarisation?
improved productivity in secondary and primary industries through mechanisation (less labour needed). Affluent population, more leisure time, growth of IT
UNIT 3:
How much did the GVA (Gross value added) of the tertiary sector grow from 1970 and 2006
from 50% to 78% GVA
UNIT 3:
What is gentrification?
displacement of working class-population in an area, as a more affluent population move in.
UNIT 3:
What is stage 1 of gentrification?
In deindustrialised areas, working class inner city locations, artists and hipsters (urban pioneers) more in, taking advantage of low rent.
Trendy community develops with services.
Limited impact on property prices and pre-existing working class residents.
UNIT 3:
Who does stage 1 of gentrification benefit?
Urban pioneers - cheap rent
Working class - prevents spiral of decline
Property owners - empty buildings generate income
UNIT 3:
What is stage 2 of gentrification?
Area is trendy, more affluent workers move in, tourist numbers increase due to services, demand for residential and commercial property increases (rent is increased). Working class and low value services (replaced by high value services) are outpriced
UNIT 3:
Who does stage 2 of gentrification benefit?
Artists - market for art
Affluent residents
Tourists - spend money in businesses
High value services/small businesses - have customers
property owners - demand increases, so rent increases
UNIT 3:
What is stage 3 of gentrification?
Wealthy residents are attracted (business class). Leading to; exclusive housing, office/tertiary employment, services are orientated to affluent (high prices). Original working class and urban pioneers are priced out
UNIT 3:
Who does stage 3 of gentrification benefit?
high income - business/private sector
high value services
private sector corporations - office buildings
Property owners
UNIT 3:
Who does stage 3 of gentrification NOT benefit?
Working class, urban pioneers, low value services - priced out
UNIT 3:
Who does stage 2 of gentrification NOT benefit?
Working class - due to increased rent they are priced out / disenfranchised/marginalised
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Where is Shoreditch?
Northeast of London, inner city
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 1? What was it like?
1980s, buildings in disrepair/abandoned
Artistic community, (Damien hurst), street art created
Working class cafes - mixed community
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 2? What was it like?
2000s, trendy - attracting hipster groups, businesses rising property prices
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 3? What was it like?
2010 to present. Demographic changes to wealthier population, changing services (Versace opened a store). Services increase prices to keep up with rent/competition
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much did rent prices increase in Shoreditch in stage 2? How much was the average for east London?
53% vs 26%. Over 2 times the average for east London
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What café was victim of anti-gentrification protests? What did they do? Why?
Cereal killer Café. Threw paint, etc.. Increasing prices for products.
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why did people protest against gentrification
Working class people completely disenfranchised. Government offers no help
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Were people right to protest cereal killer café?
No - working class people attacked a small business instead of a major cooperation (Versace)
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What does disenfranchised mean?
Cannot affoard
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What factor has people with professional occupation increased by in Shoreditch? What has working class decreased by.
professional occupancy up by x2.5
working class decreased by 50%
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was the apartment development called in Shoreditch?
Galliard Homes - “the stage”
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much does a 3 bedroom on the 26th floor cost in Galliard homes
£2,600,000
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was ironic about the Galliard Homes
‘Street art’ throughout the apartment with exposed brick, as an ode to the urban pioneers who used to live there but can no longer
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why do people oppose Galliard Homes?
High rent prices, eyesore, investors are from overseas, little affordable housing
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Give an example of an Urban Pioneer in Shoreditch. What did they create?
Stick Man. made a mural about the effects of gentrification (past present and future of Shoreditch) (alienation/isolation)
UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Does gentrification always follow 3 steps. Give a case study
No - Harborne, South west Birmingham. Never experienced artistic community
UNIT 3:
What does Redevelopment aim to do?
Bring people back into deindustrialised areas.
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
Where did redevelopment occur
Inner area of Birmingham
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What three main strategies have been used to redevelop Birmingham?
Brindley Place, ‘The big city plan’, 2022 Commonwealth Games
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Brindley place developed? How much did it cost?
£200+ million. 1990s
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was ‘The big city plan’ launched? How much did it cost? How much did it transform?
2010, taking 20 years to complete, costing £10 billion, transforming 800 hectares
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was the Commonwealth games? How much did it cost?
2022, £700 million
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What did the ‘big city plan’ aim to do?
expand city core by 25%, extend walkways and canals, £600 million investment in new street station, investment in library, paradise circus and arena
UNIT 3:
What is re-urbanisation?
Movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced out migration
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What was Brindley place like in 1970s
Run down, derelict factories along canal
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How big is Brindley place? When was it regenerated? How much did it cost? what did it develop?
15 hectares, 1987, costing over £200million, leisure, commercial and residential
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the NIA? How many jobs did the NIA create?
Office and leisure developments. Over 10,000 jobs created
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Symphony court created? How many houses created?
When was King Edward’s Wharf created? How many appartments?
completed in 1995, 143 houses
Completed in 2003, 243 apartments
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is Broad street?
Entertainment zone, within walking distance of new street, attract young, wealthy (office workers)
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the main employment types in Brindley place? What does this mean for the working class of Ladywood?
Technology, Transport, Media, Banking (Specialised - Working class cannot be employed)
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What happens to house prices in Brindley place compared to Ladywood?
464% increase, less then 300m from one another
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are economically active but unemployed? What does this mean?
Inside - 3%
Outside - 18%
Average - 4%
Outside of redeveloped area is more deprived then the rest of England, while inside is much better then the rest of England, funds from here could have been spread across several areas.
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have homes rented from the council? What does this mean?
Inside - 1%
Outside - 73%
Average - 9%
Inside people are more wealthy so can afford housing (House prices are more inside of redeveloped area), many rich people moved to Brindley place. Outside is very deprived as it is well above the average for England
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have no qualifications? What does this mean?
Inside - 4%
Outside - 32%
Average - 22%
Outside people have a low level of education, so have hard time getting specialised jobs, such as in Brindley place. More deprived
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are educated to degree level? What does this mean?
Inside - 71%
Outside - 19%
Average - 27%
Inside are people with high levels skills, so can get specialised jobs, and can afford the 464% increase in rent. Outside is below average for England - deprived
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are in professional employment? What does this mean?
Inside - 60%
Outside - 16%
Average - 28%
Many professional jobs are inside. People outside do not have the same employment opportunites
UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
Why is inside the redevelopment filled with young, affluent people?
Gentrification
UNIT 3: LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What is the local multiplier effect? What is two examples of this
growth in a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy. Broad street - redevelopment of Brindley place turned it from shops and services, to leisure (bars, restaurants and clubs). Mailbox - gentrified the old royal mail sorting office to appeal to demographic of Brindley place.
UNIT 3: LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What shops are found in the Mailbox?
What is found in broad street?
Mailbox - designer brands, art galleries, restaurants/bars - Appeal to affluent
Broad street - Clubs, bars, restaurants, clubs
Both appeal to affluent population
UNIT 3:
Why are some CBDs still in decline?
Competition from retail online, Out of town shopping centres, CBD retail redevelopments in nearby settlements, Out of town office developments, entertainment complexes, COVID-19, cost of living crisis
UNIT 3:
Why has internet shopping increased? How does growth of internet retail effect CBDs?
improvements in technology
Saves time - more convenient, comparison shopping (prices and reviews), greater variety, cheaper (less labour/automation, stored in a warehouse)
UNIT 3:
How does out of town shopping centres and CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements effect CBDs? Why are these more popular?
less footfall in CBD, more variety in shops, can shop for different things in one go (purpose built).
Better accessibility, not weather dependent, free parking, safer (security guards)
UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is the out of town shopping centre that effects Dudley? What is the CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements that effects Dudley? What is the out of town office development, what is it close to?
Merry Hill - 220 shops, 28 catering, leisure, 7000 free parking spaces, 98 busses an hour, 20million visitors a year
Bullring - 160 shops, 40 million visitors a year, metro makes it accessible from Dudley
Waterfront (office) - 138 rooms, 600 seat conference centre, bars and restaurants, employs 3000 people, 600m from Merry hill
UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
Due to a rise in online shops what businesses have closed in Dudley
Wilko, Woolworths
UNIT 3:
How did Covid impact highstreets?
Decrease in footfall, and services (cafes/restaurants). Spending drops to 80% of pre lockdown. Little commuters traveling to work, no day visitors, local residents did not invest in services.
235,000 jobs lost in covid, double the amount from 2018. - less footfall
UNIT 3:
Why has cost of living increased?
Invasion of Ukraine increasing oil prices, meaning fuel costs increases, so transporting goods becomes more expensive, meaning goods prices increases.
UNIT 3:
What is the effect of the cost of living?
People setting budgets in day to day life and over holidays. disposable incomes fell by 0.5% on average in 2022. Some prices of basic goods have increased by 50%
UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What ranking is Dudley in the vitality index? What does this mean for Dudley? What may have caused this?
500 out of 500, low quality retail offer (charity shops/vacant)
UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What two categories are reasons for decline
Impacting some areas (local)
Out of town shopping areas, Development of other urban centres in close proximity
Impacting national
Decline of high streets nationally, Rise in online shopping, COVID 19, Cost of living
UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is Dudley investing in?
Investments in heritage (Charlton house)/tourism (castle). £6 million investment in market ‘modernising’. 3 Colleges
UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
Is Dudley likely o survive? Why?
no - council has not invested in right stuff. Instead of investing in heritage for tourists, shopping centres could be developed
Collages have lots of students, who will not be able to afford big purchases
Unit 4:
What is the quaternary sector?
Knowledge, research and development
Unit 4:
How much is the quaternary sector worth to the UK? What percentage of people are workingin this sector?
30 billion
10-15%
Unit 4:
What two factors are increasing quaternary sector?
Research to develop more products for a saturated market (eg apple)
expansion of universities, creating a high skilled workforce
Unit 4:
What are the 3 (4) locational factors leading to the growth of quaternary sector?
skilled workforce
Communication infrastructure
Government
(Attractive environment)
Unit 4:
How does a skilled workforce impact QI
a high level of education, QI cluster around universities
Unit 4:
How does communication infrastructure impact QI
QI need fast internet connectivity - share information globally and transportation infrastructure (road/rail/air) - attend meetings/conferences
Unit 4:
How does a government impact QI
Governments provide grants to QI, to encourage start up companies and attract foreign investment
Unit 4:
How much did the British Government spend on R&D projects in 2014?
£9 billion
Unit 4:
What is the location Quotient?
Way of quantifying how concentrated a particular industry is in a region
Unit 4:
Location quadrant scale:
> 1.25 - significant degree of clustering
=1 - national average
<1 - dispersed more then national average
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
Where does the M4 route go?
west of London to south Wales
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some communication benefits of the M4 corridor
M4 and A34
Electrified railway into central London
Heathrow airport - Global hub airport (all around the world)
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some government infrastructure benefits of M4 corridor
government research centres encourage other related industries
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some skilled workforce benefits of M4 corridor
Inward of migration, of skilled workers, nearby universities (Oxford, Brunel, Reading)
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some attractive environments benefits of M4 corridor
Thames Valley, Cotswolds, Mendips, Chilterns, Marlborough Downs
Provide homes for highly paid workers
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List 5 examples of institutions around the M4 corridor
Aldermaston + Harwell
Jealott’s hill
Porton down
Brunel University
Dyson
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Aldermaston + Harwell? Government or Private?
Atomic/nuclear energy, Government
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Jealott’s hill? Government or Private?
Agriculture, Private
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Porton down? Government or Private?
Chemical and biological weapons, government
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Brunel University? Government or Private?
Engineering, government
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
Draw a Diagram of the layout of M4 Corridor
:)
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is Cambridge science park?
A cluster of localised quaternary industries
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
Who established the science park? What year and name was the first company?
Trinity collage
1973 - Laser Scan
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
By 1999 how many companies were located in the park, how many people were employed?
64, employing 4000
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What happened to the wider area of Cambridge due to the science park, what is this called
Growth in quaternary sector - 12,000 companies, employing 35,000 by 1990
Agglomeration of economies (firms in related businesses cluster together)
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is an example of a biomedical company, and a computer company
Agneus - immune system/cancer
AMD - computer technology
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is the benefit of the M11 corridor?
allows for easy commute for workers and deliveries
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In 2011 how did the employment of people in Quaternary industries in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK?
Cambridge - 8%
Average - 2/4%
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In 2013 how did the house prices in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK? What is the average house price as of 2023 in Cambridge?
2013
Cambridge - 300K
Average - 100/200K
2023
Cambridge - 500K
Average - 300K
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
Why are house prices in Cambridge so expensive?
Continued gentrification, affluent residents move in, high demand for housing
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In 2011 how did the unemployment rate in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK?
Cambridge - 2.8%
Average - 4/5%
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
Between 2000s-2015 how did the road congestion in Cambridge increase?
(Traffic volume index) increased from 200,000 to 232,000
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In between 2001-2011 and 2011-2021 how did the population increase in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK?
2001-2011
Cambridge - 13.8%
Average - 7.8%
2011-2021
Cambridge - 17.1%
Average - 12.5%
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
How much investment does Cambridge receive, what is this used on?
£1 billion, new railway stations, roads and houses
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
How does the university receive investments (how much). What does this mean for investors
1500 tech companies, £4 billion investments. Helps company become successful (80% survival rate)
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is the Cambridge Biomedical Campus?
Quaternary cluster, 22,000 jobs, 1million nhs patients, contributes £4.2 billion to economy
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are economic benefits?
1200 Quaternary companies, employing 35,000
Multiplier effect, creating secondary and tertiary employment
Land owners - property price increases to 4th highest in country
Start-ups have 80% survival rate after 3years, compared to 58% national average
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are some economic weaknesses?
High job availability leads to recruitment issues for lower paying/less desirable jobs (less eg cleaners due to high rent)
Businesses increase costs for goods, due to high property rents
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are social benefits?
High job availability/low unemployment (2.2%, compared to 4.8%)
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are some social weaknesses?
Struggle to afford housing (2013- £500K, vs £300k)
Population increase (2011-2021 18% vs 11%) puts pressure on local services
Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are some environmental weaknesses?
Air quality decreases - traffic increased by 16% between 2000s and 2015 (13th worst city in UK).
Continued growth of city at greenbelt 1970 - covers 24km2, 2023 - 37km2
Unit 4:
What is the spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test? How does it work?
shows to what extent two or more variables are related
-1 = perfect negative
0 = no correlation
+1 = perfect positive
Compare spearman’s rank to Rs value, if Rs value is greater then the critical value there is a significant correlation between the two variables
Unit 5:
What is the Cloke’s 1979 model of urban rural continuum?
Categorisation of rural areas
Unit 5:
What is extreme non rural?
within 30 minutes traveling time to a large urban area
Unit 5:
What is immediate non-rural
1 hour by car
Unit 5:
What is extreme rural?
90 minutes or more by car
Unit 5:
What are some features of extreme non-rural
Higher property prices compared to extreme rural
Delays with emergency services
Less recreation services
Dependent on public transport to access services - young, elderly, disabled
Unit 5:
What are some features of extreme rural
Lack of access to emergency services, little internet connectivity - remote working/staying in contact with other, poor infrastructure, no access to public transport, Shop goods are overpriced, limited job opportunities.
Unit 5:
What are some problems faced by extreme rural areas
Aging population, population decline, service/transport/telecommunication provision, housing availability and cost
Unit 5:
What was the median age for people in urban and rural areas of England and Wales in 2001?
Urban - 36
Rural - 42
Unit 5:
What was the median age for people in urban and rural areas of England and Wales in 2011?
Urban - 37
Rural - 45
Unit 5:
What does the increased age in rural areas show
(Counter urbanisation) Retired people move into rural areas, Young people move out of rural areas for work/education (rural to urban migration)
Unit 5:
What is spiral of decline in terms of rural areas
Young leave to urban areas for opportunities, Employers cannot recruit labour, less investment in area and businesses, less money less employment less people leads to shops and services shutting, people notice decline and lower QoL.
Unit 5:
What is the effect of depopulation on service provision
Change to mobile services, loss higher services, replacment of services (tourists), branch closures, Reduction in bus services, decline in number of services/decreased variety,
Unit 5:
What is a community owned shop
Non profit, volunteer shop, made in rural areas
Unit 5:
What is a multipurpose pub
an agglomeration of services,
Unit 5:
Give an example of a multipurpose pub
Cellar house, Eaton, Norfolk - pub and post office
Unit 5:
What is an advantage of agglomerations of services
People will visit more often - pubs are busy at night but empty during the day, so a day time service is added, so it will busy all day round
Unit 5:
What demographic of people are most likely to need to use public transport
Young, elderly, disabled
Unit 5:
By what percentage did bus milage fall between 2011 and 2016
6.2%
Unit 5:
What fraction of towns in north east and southwest England have no train stations
2/3rds
Unit 5:
How many rural bus routes were cut in the last year
one thousand
Unit 5:
What is the impact of bus routes being cut
Fair prices increase, elderly cannot access appointments, visit family etc.. young cannot access education
Unit 5:
Why has the funding for busses been reduced
Pandemic - many people did not use busses due to social distancing
Unit 5:
What are some physical signs of decline?
For sale signs
Tourist market/orientated services
Closed shops
Air bnbs/second homes
Old shop fronts
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
Where is St John’s chapel located?
North pennies, AONB
nearest city is Newcastle upon Tyne
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
What was the percentage of 16-24yr olds in St Johns chapel in 2011, compared to national average
St Johns chapel - 4%
NA - 12%
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
What was the percentage of 60+yr olds in St Johns chapel in 2011, compared to national average
St Johns chapel - 36%
NA - 21%
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
Why is St Johns chapel declining
Agricultural village - reduced demand, and reduced support from government
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
What was the population in St johns chapel in 1991 compared to 2011
1991 - 442
2011 - 270
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
What percentage of males are unemployed at St johns chapel, what is this evidence for
17% - retired may of moved in, may be no jobs
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
What is access to services like in st johns chapel
Nearest secondary school and pool - 14 miles
Nearest library - 22 miles
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
What was the decrease in the population of children in st Johns chapel between 1980 and 2023
1980 - 160
2023 - 38
Unit 5: CASE STUDY: REMOTE DECLINING VILLAGE
What are some physical signs that St Johns chapel has declined
Size of village has not grown
1960s close of railway
Unit 5:
What is the relationship between rurality and superfast broadband connection
Highly populated areas have most coverage, Rural sparsely population areas have very little coverage
Unit 5:
What is superfast broad brand
download speeds excess 24Mbps
Unit 5:
What is the issues for businesses and people who have limited broadband
Cannot sell products online, Working from home/ education cannot be done, cannot contact others in emergency, people become isolated
Unit 5:
Where is counter urbanisation effecting the most
Extreme non rural, suburbanised village with old core
Unit 5:
Where does second home ownership effect the most?
Extreme rural, villages with mainly second home (by national park)
Unit 5:
Where are second homes usually purchased? Who buys second homes
Near physically attractive locations, like national parks of AONB.
Affluent members of society
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What percentage of homes in Cornwall are second homes
11.2%
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
Compare the average affordability of a house in England and Cornwall
England - 6.65x annual wage
Cornwall - 8.57-10x annual
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What is the impact of a second home ownership
home is vacant most of the year, so money is only spent on services part of the year
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
Where is Helford located
Cornwall, on the Helford river
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What process is occurring in Helford
Rural gentrification - redevelopment of houses
Second home ownership
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
Compare the difference in 16-25yr olds in Helford and national average in 2011. What does this mean?
2011 Helford - 1%
2011 National average - 12%
Young cannot afford to live in Helford
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
Compare the percent of second home ownership in Helford and national average
2011 Helford - 25%
2011 National average - 3%
High second home ownership
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What are the negative impacts of second home ownership
Conflict between community
Affluent, second home residents have a stronger vote in what happens
Loss of business in winter - seasonal business
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What are two examples of negatives of second home ownership in Helford?
Fisherman Chris Bean - wants to build a new jetty, was approved by local council, but planning was blocked by ‘Helford village society’ (second home owners)
General stores - Serves permanent residents all year round, but In winter the store losses business, may be forced to shut
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What are some positives of second home ownership
Attract wealthy investments
Creates tourism jobs
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What are two examples of positives from second home ownerships in Helford?
South Café restaurant - attracts wealthy customers, high class restaurant, charging high prices
Helford House keeping - look after second homes + prepare homes for owners.
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
Summarise actions taken against second homes, in Megavissey
Ban new builds being sold as second homes
Second homes now have to pay 2x council tax
Protests
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What are arguments for controlling second home ownership
Cheaper house prices for residents, Investments in local services/shops, Community, People do day visits (high spending)
Unit 5: SECOND HOME OWNERSHIPS
What are arguments against controlling second home ownerships
Less seasonal investments from affluent, Area has a lower reputation
Unit 5:
What is counter urbanisation?
Social and demographic process where people move from urban settlements to rural areas
Unit 5:
When did counter urbanisation begin to occur in the UK
1970s to 1980s
Unit 5:
Why has counter urbanisation been facilitated
Increased vehicle ownership
Improved road systems
Unit 5:
Compare the percentage of people living in urban areas in 1990 and 2014
1990 - 88%
2014 - 82%
Unit 5:
What demographic of people move to rural areas from urban
Families, retired people
Affluent, middle class
Unit 5:
Compare the percentage of managers, directors, and senior officials in urban vs rural areas
Urban - 10.1%
Rural - 13.7%
Unit 5:
What is a push factor
Forces you away from a location (negative)
Unit 5:
What is a pull factor
Attracts you to a location (positive)
Unit 5:
What are some social, push factors from urban areas
Loud, busy, violent crime, traffic danger
Unit 5:
What are some social pull factors to rural areas
Quiet, sense of community
Unit 5:
What are some economic push factors from urban areas
Rent/house prices are high
Deindustrialisation
Unit 5:
What are some economic pull factors to rural areas
Low cost per unit area, can work from home, businesses, like manufacturing choose to locate in rural areas
Unit 5:
What are some environmental push factors from urban areas
Pollution, noise, air and land
Unit 5:
What are some environmental pull factors to rural areas
Clean, open space
Unit 5:
Where is counter urbanisation occurring
Cambridgeshire…., Around motorways
Unit 5:
Why are people moving to Cambridgeshire
Close proximity to London, good transport links (M11, A14)
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
Where is St Ives located
Village in Cambridgeshire, 100km north of London
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
How has the population of St Ives increased from 1951 to 2011
1951 = 3078
2011 = 16348
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
Between 1951 and today how has St Ives sprawled?
1951 - 0.5km2
Today - 4Km2
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What does the Sprawl of an area indicate?
Sprawl shows that new buildings are being build to house more people, indicating population growth
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What fraction of people living in St Ives commute to Cambridge for work
1/4
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What main road go to Cambridge and London
Cambridge - A14
London - M11
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
Why do people move to St Ives
Clean and safe, Families move to raise children, Retried people move for peace + saftey
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What are the negatives of counter urbanisation in St Ives
Traffic congestion
Rising house prices
New housing at flood risk
Younger population
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
Explain how traffic congestion is a negative
People travel on A14 to get to work, causing congestion at rush hour
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
Explain how Rising house prices is a negative
Increased demand in housing, commuters earn more then locals.
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
How much has house prices increased between 2000 and 2010
2000 - £130 000
2010 - £290 000
More then doubled
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
Explain how flood risk a negative
New houses are build on flood plain of Great River Ouse, 1000 properties at risk, causing high damages
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
Explain how Younger population a negative
Pressure on schools
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What are the positives of Counter urbanisation in St Ives
More shops and services, younger, affluent population
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What is being done to counteract traffic congestion on a14
Bus route added, linking St Ives to Cambridge, Cost £116 million
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What is being done to counteract Rising house prices
Building 200 new homes, 75 aimed to be affordable, aimed at lower income people
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What is being done to counteract Flood risk
Flood protections build in 2007 - embankments and flood walls.
Cost £8.8million
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What is being done to counteract Younger population
Primary school expansion, 240 new places.
Unit 5: COUNTER URBANISATION
What is an advantage of a expansion in primary schools,
Reducing congestion on A14 road
Unit 6:
Why do many rural areas need rebranding?
Loss of jobs in agricultural sector due to mechanisation and globalisation
Unit 6:
Compare space used for agriculture and the percent of workers in agriculture in the UK, what is this representative of?
70% of land is agricultural in the UK. Only 1% of people work in agriculture.
Mechanisation
Unit 6:
Between 1995 and 2000 What percent of rural settlements lost lost vital institutions? How many institutions is this?
20%, 30,000 institutions
Unit 6:
What are many rural towns suffering from?
Spiral of decline
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Where is Ludlow?
Market town in rural south Shropshire
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Compare the population of people in Ludlow in 2001 and 2011
2001 - 9528
2011 - 10 266
+700 increase
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is gastronomy?
High quality food
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What are the two groups of stakeholders
Local groups - groups based in Ludlow
External agencies - agencies based outside Ludlow
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What year did the first food festival occur in Ludlow?
1999
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Who created the idea of food festivals in Ludlow, are these external or internal
Town of Ludlow, and the District Chamber of trade and commerce
Local groups
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the purpose of the food festival
Showcase areas food and drink producers.
Invite visitors to explore Ludlow
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Compare the number of visitors to Ludlow in the 1999 food festival and the 2010 food festival
1999 - 6000
2010 - 21 000
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What are Gastrotourists
People who travel to area for good food
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
How many local food producers get to show their products
+150
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What happens at Ludlow food festival
Local food producers show off products
Trails around the town
Demonstrations, talks, workshops, children’s activity
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
How many festivals are now held in Ludlow
Two - spring and autumn
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is slow food
Good quality and healthy food, Clean production, fair working conditons
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
When was Ludlow named a slow food town, why was this a big deal?
2005 - UK’s first slow food town
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What does the title local to Ludlow represent
Promotes food and drink produced within 30 miles of Ludlow
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the aim of the local to Ludlow campaign?
Reduce environmental cost of food production (food miles), support local economy
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What does a producer have to do to become ‘local to Ludlow’
Organise Ludlow Market, on the second and fourth Thursday every month.
Promote and support local food and drink producers
Reduce environmental impact
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the Ludlow Farm shop?
Oakly Park Estate - sells produce that is locally sourced on the estate
Selling beef, lamb, oil, honey, flowers, fruits, vegetables, wild deer (no natural predators, so numbers must be reduced this way)
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is a specialist food establishment
Shop selling high quality produce.
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What happened when Ludlow was named a culinary centre
Agglomeration of economies, many other food specialist shops relocated to Ludlow, all benefit.
Positive multiplier effect, people spend money in other sectors (hotels..)
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is Mr Underhill’s, what did this do to Ludlow’s reputation, when did it close?
Michelin starred restaurant, not even Manchester has one.
People will travel to come here, and spend money in other sectors (Positive multiplier effect)
Closed December 2015
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the Mousetrap
Over 35 years - specialist cheese maker
Sell products online and in person.
Wedding ‘cake’ cheese
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
How has Ludlow’s reputation changed since the first food festival?
From a declining rural area to - the ‘culinary centre’
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
How has newspapers had an impact on Ludlow’s reputation
Daily telegraph and the times (read by affluent) portrays Ludlow as a culinary centre, many people see and believe this
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Compare the percent of second home ownership in Ludlow in 2001 and 2008
2001 - 1.7%
2008 - 2.1%
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Compare the percent of 60+ year olds in Ludlow in 2001 and 2011
2001 - 29%
2011 - 33%
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Compare the percent of Management and professional occupations in Ludlow in 2001 and 2008
2001 - 42%
2011 - 67%
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the Chamber of commerce, local or external, what role did they have?
Local group, 1999, established food festival
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the Ludlow food festival, local or external, what role did they have?
Local group, 1999, brings gastrotourists, showcases area, local food and drinks
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the ‘Cittaslow movement’, local or external, what role did they have?
External, 2005, award for quality food, clean production, and fair wages. Ludlow was the first UK town to be awarded this
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the Local to Ludlow campaign, local or external, what role did they have?
Local, promotes food and drink made in a 30 mile radius of Ludlow
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the Ludlow farm shop, local or external, what role did they have?
Local, sells locally sourced foods, grown at the estate
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the Specialist food establishments, local or external, what role did they have?
Local group, Mr Underhill’s, The mouse trap.
Creates a reputation, agglomeration of economies
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What is the National Newspapers, local or external, what role did they have?
External agencies, +2009, creates a reputation/portrays as ‘food heaven’
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Which has more of an impact on Ludlow, local or external groups
At the start (1999-2005), local, because they created the food festival, which started the rebranding process.
In later years (+2005), external groups promote area to wider area (national)
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Where is Ludlow deprived the most
The Sandpits Estate
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
How badly deprived is the Sandpits Estate?
Bottom 40% of deprived areas in the country
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What type of housing is the Sandpits Estate made from
Socially rented houses
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Compare unemployment in the Sandpits Estate and regional average
Sandpits - 8.7%
Regional average - 4.6%
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
Has the Rebranding of Ludlow helped residents in the sandpit area
No - jobs in Ludlow are now high skill, with little low skilled jobs
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What are the successes of Ludlow’s rebranding
Centre for gastronomy - good reputation - Michelin star restaurant
Slow food award
Food festivals - now two per year
Counter urbanisation - population increase
Agglomeration of economies
Unit 6: REBRANDING - GASTRONOMY
What are the negatives of Ludlow’s rebranding
Bottom 40% of deprived areas regionally
High unemployment
No jobs for low skills
Decrease in young - move to find other jobs
