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Geography Edquadus > Changing places > Flashcards

Changing places Flashcards

1
Q

UNIT 1:
What jobs did people in the black country have 100 years ago?

A

Farming, little machinery - more labour intensive
factories - making chains and glass
Coal mining

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2
Q

UNIT 1:
Why has employment in the Black Country changed?

A

Globalisation - movement of industry overseas
Mechanisation - machines replacing people’s jobs
less demand for agriculture/manufacturing - imports

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3
Q

UNIT 1:
What is primary industry?
Examples:

A

Extraction of raw material from the ground or sea.
Fishing, farming, forestry, mining

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4
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the secondary industry?
Examples:

A

Manufacturing of goods using raw materials from the primary industry
Steel making, Car manufacturing, construction

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5
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the tertiary industry?
Examples:

A

Provision of services to people or industries.
Retail, banking, teaching, hospitals

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6
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the tertiary sector split into

A

Private - banking, insurance, retail
Public - Government ran - schools, hospitals, police

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7
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the quaternary industry?
Examples:

A

Knowledge based sector, information communication technology, research and development
Scientist, ICT worker

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8
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the creative industries?
Examples:

A

Jobs creating art
Art, music, books, movies, architecture

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9
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the pre-industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?

A

Before industry develops.
Dominated by primary sector, which falls (from 70% to 55%).
Secondary and tertiary sectors increase (from 20% to 30% and 10% to 15% respectively)

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10
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the Industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?

A

Industry is booming - many factories and services. Mix of Primary secondary and tertiary. Primary decreases (from 55% to 15%). Secondary increases (from 30%) peaks (at 45%) then decreases (to 35%). Tertiary increases (from 15% to 60%)

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11
Q

UNIT 1:
When was the industrial revolution in the UK?

A

1760

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12
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the post-industrial phase?
What is employment like in this phase?

A

Closure of factories, many jobs in tertiary. Emergence of quaternary sector. Tertiary increases (from 50% to 55%). Secondary decreases (from 50% to 30%), primary decreases (from 30% to 10%)

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13
Q

UNIT 1:
When was the deindustrialisation in the UK?

A

1950

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14
Q

UNIT 1:
Example of a country in pre industrial phase

A

Burkina Faso

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15
Q

UNIT 1:
Example of a country in industrial phase

A

China

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16
Q

UNIT 1:
Example of a country in post industrial phase

A

UK

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17
Q

UNIT 1:
When was the first census in the UK? what does this mean?

A

1841, meaning any graphs for the UK start in 1841, as we do not have any data from before then

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18
Q

UNIT 1:
What is an LEDC/LIC?

A

Low income country
Poorest countries - primary industries - pre industrial phase

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19
Q

UNIT 1:
What is a NIC/EE?

A

Emerging economies
Experiencing industrialisation - growth of secondary and tertiary sectors - industrial phase

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20
Q

UNIT 1:
What is a MEDC/HIC?

A

High income countries
Wealthiest countries - Tertiary and quaternary sectors - post-industrial phase

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21
Q

UNIT 1:
Is the Clarke fisher model reliable? Why?

A

No
Not all countries will follow the same pattern - landlocked vs not
There is exceptions from the model
There are different rates of development - China

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22
Q

UNIT 1:
Why does primary employment decline?

A

Depletion of resources, cheap imports, mechanisation, social change and value of primary industry, government policy

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23
Q

UNIT 1:
Why does secondary employment decline?

A

Globalisation, cheaper production in developing countries (Cheap labour, relaxed environmental laws, enterprise zones), Government policies.

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24
Q

UNIT 1:
What was the main primary industry in the UK?

A

Coal

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25
Q

UNIT 1:
How many people were employed in coal mining in the 1920s UK

A

1.2 million

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26
Q

UNIT 1:
Why was there coal industry in the UK?

A

accessible seams of coal

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27
Q

UNIT 1:
Why was the coal industry stopped in the UK?

A

difficult to access coal, cost of production, cheaper to import, Government policies, Social attitudes

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28
Q

UNIT 1:
What 3 countries was 96% of coal imported from in 2012

A

USA, Russia and Colombia

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29
Q

UNIT 1:
Who decided to close 20 coal mines? What year?

A

Margret Thatcher, 1984

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30
Q

UNIT 1:
How many jobs did the closure of 20 mines loose?

A

20,000

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31
Q

UNIT 1:
What did the closure of 20 mines cause?

A

Miner’s strike

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32
Q

UNIT 1:
Why have social attitudes lead to the decline of coal?

A

When used for energy coal emits green house gasses, which lead to global warming
Climate conferences set goals, like Kyoto in 1997
Renewable energy sources have been created, London array powers

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33
Q

UNIT 1:
How many homes does the London Array wind power farm fuel

A

over 500,000 homes

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34
Q

UNIT 1:
As of what year does the UK produce more energy from renewables then coal

A

2017

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35
Q

UNIT 1:
Why has agricultural employment declined but production has remained the same?

A

Mechanisation - machines taking people’s jobs.
This means there needs to be less workers for the same output

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36
Q

UNIT 1:
Compare agricultural employment in 1841 and 2011

A

1841 - 22%
2011 - 1%

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37
Q

UNIT 1:
What is the process of secondary employment declining called?

A

Deindustrialisation

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38
Q

UNIT 1:
Compare secondary employment in the UK between 1966 and 2011

A

1966 - 8,940,000
2011 - 2,740,000

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39
Q

UNIT 1:
What did Birmingham use to make?

A

Cars and Metal goods

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40
Q

UNIT 1:
Why were certain areas of the UK better for certain products.

A

More suited to area, using the recourses from that area

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41
Q

UNIT 1:
Why has deindustrialisation occurred in the Uk? Sort into external and internal.

A

External
Globalisation, Multi-National companies, New technology
Internal
Loss of competitiveness, lack of investment, Human resources issues

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42
Q

UNIT 1:
What is globalisation?

A

Process of increasing interconnectivity and interdependence among countries and economies of the world.

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43
Q

UNIT 1:
What are Multi-National compaines?

A

global companies that dominate the global economy

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44
Q

UNIT 1:
Why do MNCs manufacture products in EEs

A

Lower labour costs, Fewer employment laws, hard working/ educated workforce, cheaper land and construction costs, relaxed environmental laws, Export processing zones (Low levels of tax)

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45
Q

UNIT 1:
When did global shift start to occur in the UK? Where to?

A

1950s - Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore

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46
Q

UNIT 1:
What is a RIC, compare it to a NIC

A

RIC - Recently industrialised economy
Different times (RIC is after NIC)

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47
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Global shift
What is Dyson, and when was it founded?

A

tech company, specialising in air related products, founded in 1993

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48
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
Where did Dyson move manufacturing to, from where? When did Dyson move manufacturing?

A

Moved in 2002 to Malaysia from Malmsbury, UK

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49
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
Why did Dyson move manufacturing?

A

30% lower wages, workers are more skilled then in other EEs, Ability to sell to other countries.

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50
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
What has the movement of Dyson’s manufacturing caused?

A

222% increase in revenue, 90% of products are sold to other countries then the UK. Creating of 13,000 jobs

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51
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY- Global shift
What happened to UK employment after Dyson moved their manufacturing?

A

Decrease in secondary, increase in quaternary sector

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52
Q

UNIT 1:
What is an advantage of mechanisation?

A

Quality control, production can run 24/7, no wages or sick days needed

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53
Q

UNIT 1:
What is a industry that faces mechanisation? Give an example of a company.

A

Car manufacturing, Jaguar

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54
Q

UNIT 1:
Where were many factories built in the industrial revolution? What does this mean for modern factories?

A

By Canals, and late built railways and roads. Later residential developments and back to back workers houses
These roads are often narrow, so HGVs cannot travel thorough them. Many modern factories are near motorways, allowing for easy transport of goods.

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55
Q

UNIT 1:
Why are outdated factories not updated, instead often left derelict?

A

Expensive, less expensive to build a factory by a motorway/cheap land

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56
Q

UNIT 1:
What is lack of investment and financial factors (Interest rates)

A

High and low interest rates make it more or less expensive to build, run and manage a factory, so during 1970s and 80s many factories moved overseas, due to the average interest rate being 12%

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57
Q

UNIT 1:
How do exchange rates impact the price of British manufactured goods for other countries to buy.

A

High exchange rates make British goods expensive, causing less to be sold.

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58
Q

UNIT 1:
How do strikes (Human resource issues) impact manufacturing?

A

Strikes mean that there will be less goods manufactured, so the company looses profits.

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59
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What is British Leyland, when was it formed, how many people did it employ, how many vehicles did it make per year.

A

Nationalised company, created from the merging of several car companies in 1975, employed 128,000 people, created over 1million vehicles per year.

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60
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What problems did British Leyland face?

A

unionised workforce, 523 strikes in 30 months, affecting productivity, so many customers switched to other manufacturing. Appalling reliability, unhappy customers, bad reputation

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61
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
What is privatisation? What did this mean for British Leyland>

A

being brought, if a company could not make money or seek investment, they would have to close. Many car companies were lost like Austin or Triumph. Jaguar/Land rover were sold to TATA.

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62
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry
How has Britain maintained a car industry, give examples.

A

Attracting FDI (foreign direct investment)
Honda, Swindon - 3500 employed
Toyota, Derby - 3800 employed.

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63
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry + Brexit
How many people are employed in the car industry in the UK? What does a no deal Brexit mean? What has happened to investments?

A

856,000, many people will be forced out of jobs, due to little demand. Investment has halved

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64
Q

UNIT 1: CASE STUDY - Decline of car industry + Brexit
What percent of car exports from the UK are to countries in the EU.

A

53.9%

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65
Q

UNIT 2:
Summarise the decline of the inner city

A

Industrial change/decline (due to the need to modernise factories).
Increasing unemployment. Decline of shops and services (less disposable income). Decline of housing and environment (Poor quality back to back worker’s housing from the19th century, derelict factories, littering, vandalism and crime. Decline.

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66
Q

UNIT 2:
What is an index graph?

A

Line graph that allows you to compare data from a given point and overall change (starting from 100%)

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67
Q

UNIT 2:
What is the overall decrease of manufacturing between 1981 and 1997?

A

35%

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68
Q

UNIT 2:
Is Ladywood part of the inner city or CBD?

A

inner city

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69
Q

UNIT 2:
What starts the cycle of decline?

A

External and internal factors that cause deindustrilisation.

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70
Q

UNIT 2:
Summarise social exclusion/filtering in deindustrialised places.

A

Deindustrialisation leading to unemployment. Outward migration of people with high skill levels and education, due to work else where. Low population, high levels of unemployment, low skills/education and prospects. Lower population has little disposable income, leading to decline in shops and services. Suffer social exclusion and deprivation

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71
Q

UNIT 2:
What are the impacts of deprivation?

A

Lack of investment (services), litter, fly tipping, vandalism, little healthcare, addiction/crime

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72
Q

UNIT 2:
Two figures about Ladywood deprivation

A

in 2010, highest rate of out of all constituencies in the UK. in 2010 25% of all violent crime in Birmingham happened in Ladywood.

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73
Q

UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - Economically active but unemployed.

A

L - 8.4% NA - 2.8%

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74
Q

UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - Houses rented from council

A

L - 75% NA - 9%

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75
Q

UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - No cars

A

L - 55% NA - 23%

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76
Q

UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - No qualifications

A

L - 29% NA - 18%

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77
Q

UNIT 2:
Census data for Ladywood - single parent with children

A

L - 18% NA - 7%

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78
Q

UNIT 2:
What is a EQA

A

Environmental quality assessment. bi polar scoring system - 0 neither good or bad, - bad, + good

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79
Q

UNIT 2:
What is an overall perception of Ladywood? What is a perception of someone who lives in the area?

A

Negative - area of deprivation. VS
Positive - see town you are used to in good light

80
Q

UNIT 2:
What are social impacts of deindustrialisation in Ladywood?

A

2008 - 81% of families fighting for financial survival. In July 2010 Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all the constituencies in the Uk. 2009 and 2010 25% of all violent crime occurred in Ladywood.

81
Q

UNIT 2:
What are the environmental impacts of deindustrialisation in Ladywood?

A

Overall negative EQA average of -6, surveyed across 20+ people. Derelict buildings, housing crisis (not enough room, not good quality housing).

82
Q

UNIT 2:
What are the economic impacts of deindustrialisation in Ladywood?

A

July 2010 Ladywood had the highest rate of unemployment out of all the constituencies in the Uk. Lorenz curve - closer to axis then line of equality then the rest of the UK. Gini Coefficient the number would be closer to 1 than the rest of Birmingham.

83
Q

UNIT 2:
What does the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient work??

A

shows household income distribution in a given area.

84
Q

UNIT 2:
How does the Lorenz curve work?

A

Line of equality (45 degrees) is perfect equality (line of equality), while closer to the axis means more inequality

85
Q

UNIT 2:
How does the Gini Coefficient work?

A

Score approaching 0 = perfect equality
Score approaching 1 = perfect inequality

86
Q
A
87
Q
A
88
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q

UNIT 3:
What is the tertiary sector?

A

Services

91
Q

UNIT 3:
What is a key factor behind tertiarisation?

A

improved productivity in secondary and primary industries through mechanisation (less labour needed). Affluent population, more leisure time, growth of IT

92
Q

UNIT 3:
How much did the GVA (Gross value added) of the tertiary sector grow from 1970 and 2006

A

from 50% to 78% GVA

93
Q

UNIT 3:
What is gentrification?

A

displacement of working class-population in an area, as a more affluent population move in.

94
Q

UNIT 3:
What is stage 1 of gentrification?

A

In deindustrialised areas, working class inner city locations, artists and hipsters (urban pioneers) more in, taking advantage of low rent.
Trendy community develops with services.
Limited impact on property prices and pre-existing working class residents.

95
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 1 of gentrification benefit?

A

Urban pioneers - cheap rent
Working class - prevents spiral of decline
Property owners - empty buildings generate income

96
Q

UNIT 3:
What is stage 2 of gentrification?

A

Area is trendy, more affluent workers move in, tourist numbers increase due to services, demand for residential and commercial property increases (rent is increased). Working class and low value services (replaced by high value services) are outpriced

97
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 2 of gentrification benefit?

A

Artists - market for art
Affluent residents
Tourists - spend money in businesses
High value services/small businesses - have customers
property owners - demand increases, so rent increases

98
Q

UNIT 3:
What is stage 3 of gentrification?

A

Wealthy residents are attracted (business class). Leading to; exclusive housing, office/tertiary employment, services are orientated to affluent (high prices). Original working class and urban pioneers are priced out

99
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 3 of gentrification benefit?

A

high income - business/private sector
high value services
private sector corporations - office buildings
Property owners

100
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 3 of gentrification NOT benefit?

A

Working class, urban pioneers, low value services - priced out

101
Q

UNIT 3:
Who does stage 2 of gentrification NOT benefit?

A

Working class - due to increased rent they are priced out / disenfranchised/marginalised

102
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Where is Shoreditch?

A

Northeast of London, inner city

103
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 1? What was it like?

A

1980s, buildings in disrepair/abandoned

Artistic community, (Damien hurst), street art created
Working class cafes - mixed community

104
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 2? What was it like?

A

2000s, trendy - attracting hipster groups, businesses rising property prices

105
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
When was Shoreditch in stage 3? What was it like?

A

2010 to present. Demographic changes to wealthier population, changing services (Versace opened a store). Services increase prices to keep up with rent/competition

106
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much did rent prices increase in Shoreditch in stage 2? How much was the average for east London?

A

53% vs 26%. Over 2 times the average for east London

107
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What café was victim of anti-gentrification protests? What did they do? Why?

A

Cereal killer Café. Threw paint, etc.. Increasing prices for products.

108
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why did people protest against gentrification

A

Working class people completely disenfranchised. Government offers no help

109
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Were people right to protest cereal killer café?

A

No - working class people attacked a small business instead of a major cooperation (Versace)

110
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What does disenfranchised mean?

A

Cannot affoard

111
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What factor has people with professional occupation increased by in Shoreditch? What has working class decreased by.

A

professional occupancy up by x2.5
working class decreased by 50%

112
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was the apartment development called in Shoreditch?

A

Galliard Homes - “the stage”

113
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
How much does a 3 bedroom on the 26th floor cost in Galliard homes

A

£2,600,000

114
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
What was ironic about the Galliard Homes

A

‘Street art’ throughout the apartment with exposed brick, as an ode to the urban pioneers who used to live there but can no longer

115
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Why do people oppose Galliard Homes?

A

High rent prices, eyesore, investors are from overseas, little affordable housing

116
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Give an example of an Urban Pioneer in Shoreditch. What did they create?

A

Stick Man. made a mural about the effects of gentrification (past present and future of Shoreditch) (alienation/isolation)

117
Q

UNIT 3: GENTRIFICATION CASE STUDY
Does gentrification always follow 3 steps. Give a case study

A

No - Harborne, South west Birmingham. Never experienced artistic community

118
Q

UNIT 3:
What does Redevelopment aim to do?

A

Bring people back into deindustrialised areas.

119
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
Where did redevelopment occur

A

Inner area of Birmingham

120
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What three main strategies have been used to redevelop Birmingham?

A

Brindley Place, ‘The big city plan’, 2022 Commonwealth Games

121
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Brindley place developed? How much did it cost?

A

£200+ million. 1990s

122
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was ‘The big city plan’ launched? How much did it cost? How much did it transform?

A

2010, taking 20 years to complete, costing £10 billion, transforming 800 hectares

123
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was the Commonwealth games? How much did it cost?

A

2022, £700 million

124
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What did the ‘big city plan’ aim to do?

A

expand city core by 25%, extend walkways and canals, £600 million investment in new street station, investment in library, paradise circus and arena

125
Q

UNIT 3:
What is re-urbanisation?

A

Movement of people back into urban areas that have previously experienced out migration

126
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What was Brindley place like in 1970s

A

Run down, derelict factories along canal

127
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How big is Brindley place? When was it regenerated? How much did it cost? what did it develop?

A

15 hectares, 1987, costing over £200million, leisure, commercial and residential

128
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the NIA? How many jobs did the NIA create?

A

Office and leisure developments. Over 10,000 jobs created

129
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
When was Symphony court created? How many houses created?
When was King Edward’s Wharf created? How many appartments?

A

completed in 1995, 143 houses

Completed in 2003, 243 apartments

130
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is Broad street?

A

Entertainment zone, within walking distance of new street, attract young, wealthy (office workers)

131
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What is the main employment types in Brindley place? What does this mean for the working class of Ladywood?

A

Technology, Transport, Media, Banking (Specialised - Working class cannot be employed)

132
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
What happens to house prices in Brindley place compared to Ladywood?

A

464% increase, less then 300m from one another

133
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are economically active but unemployed? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 3%
Outside - 18%
Average - 4%
Outside of redeveloped area is more deprived then the rest of England, while inside is much better then the rest of England, funds from here could have been spread across several areas.

134
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have homes rented from the council? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 1%
Outside - 73%
Average - 9%
Inside people are more wealthy so can afford housing (House prices are more inside of redeveloped area), many rich people moved to Brindley place. Outside is very deprived as it is well above the average for England

135
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, have no qualifications? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 4%
Outside - 32%
Average - 22%
Outside people have a low level of education, so have hard time getting specialised jobs, such as in Brindley place. More deprived

136
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are educated to degree level? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 71%
Outside - 19%
Average - 27%
Inside are people with high levels skills, so can get specialised jobs, and can afford the 464% increase in rent. Outside is below average for England - deprived

137
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
How many people in redeveloped area, compared to outside, compared to average for England, are in professional employment? What does this mean?

A

Inside - 60%
Outside - 16%
Average - 28%
Many professional jobs are inside. People outside do not have the same employment opportunites

138
Q

UNIT 3: REDEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY
Why is inside the redevelopment filled with young, affluent people?

A

Gentrification

139
Q

UNIT 3: LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What is the local multiplier effect? What is two examples of this

A

growth in a component of the local economy from an initial investment in another part of the economy. Broad street - redevelopment of Brindley place turned it from shops and services, to leisure (bars, restaurants and clubs). Mailbox - gentrified the old royal mail sorting office to appeal to demographic of Brindley place.

140
Q

UNIT 3: LOCAL MULTIPLIER EFFECT CASE STUDY
What shops are found in the Mailbox?

What is found in broad street?

A

Mailbox - designer brands, art galleries, restaurants/bars - Appeal to affluent

Broad street - Clubs, bars, restaurants, clubs

Both appeal to affluent population

141
Q

UNIT 3:
Why are some CBDs still in decline?

A

Competition from retail online, Out of town shopping centres, CBD retail redevelopments in nearby settlements, Out of town office developments, entertainment complexes, COVID-19, cost of living crisis

142
Q

UNIT 3:
Why has internet shopping increased? How does growth of internet retail effect CBDs?

A

improvements in technology
Saves time - more convenient, comparison shopping (prices and reviews), greater variety, cheaper (less labour/automation, stored in a warehouse)

143
Q

UNIT 3:
How does out of town shopping centres and CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements effect CBDs? Why are these more popular?

A

less footfall in CBD, more variety in shops, can shop for different things in one go (purpose built).
Better accessibility, not weather dependent, free parking, safer (security guards)

144
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is the out of town shopping centre that effects Dudley? What is the CBD redevelopments in nearby settlements that effects Dudley? What is the out of town office development, what is it close to?

A

Merry Hill - 220 shops, 28 catering, leisure, 7000 free parking spaces, 98 busses an hour, 20million visitors a year
Bullring - 160 shops, 40 million visitors a year, metro makes it accessible from Dudley
Waterfront (office) - 138 rooms, 600 seat conference centre, bars and restaurants, employs 3000 people, 600m from Merry hill

145
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
Due to a rise in online shops what businesses have closed in Dudley

A

Wilko, Woolworths

146
Q

UNIT 3:
How did Covid impact highstreets?

A

Decrease in footfall, and services (cafes/restaurants). Spending drops to 80% of pre lockdown. Little commuters traveling to work, no day visitors, local residents did not invest in services.
235,000 jobs lost in covid, double the amount from 2018. - less footfall

147
Q

UNIT 3:
Why has cost of living increased?

A

Invasion of Ukraine increasing oil prices, meaning fuel costs increases, so transporting goods becomes more expensive, meaning goods prices increases.

148
Q

UNIT 3:
What is the effect of the cost of living?

A

People setting budgets in day to day life and over holidays. disposable incomes fell by 0.5% on average in 2022. Some prices of basic goods have increased by 50%

149
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What ranking is Dudley in the vitality index? What does this mean for Dudley? What may have caused this?

A

500 out of 500, low quality retail offer (charity shops/vacant)

150
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What two categories are reasons for decline

A

Impacting some areas (local)
Out of town shopping areas, Development of other urban centres in close proximity
Impacting national
Decline of high streets nationally, Rise in online shopping, COVID 19, Cost of living

151
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
What is Dudley investing in?

A

Investments in heritage (Charlton house)/tourism (castle). £6 million investment in market ‘modernising’. 3 Colleges

152
Q

UNIT 3: CONTINUING DECLINE OF CBDS CASE STUDY
Is Dudley likely o survive? Why?

A

no - council has not invested in right stuff. Instead of investing in heritage for tourists, shopping centres could be developed
Collages have lots of students, who will not be able to afford big purchases

153
Q

Unit 4:
What is the quaternary sector?

A

Knowledge, research and development

154
Q

Unit 4:
How much is the quaternary sector worth to the UK? What percentage of people are workingin this sector?

A

30 billion
10-15%

155
Q

Unit 4:
What two factors are increasing quaternary sector?

A

Research to develop more products for a saturated market (eg apple)
expansion of universities, creating a high skilled workforce

156
Q

Unit 4:
What are the 3 (4) locational factors leading to the growth of quaternary sector?

A

skilled workforce
Communication infrastructure
Government
(Attractive environment)

157
Q

Unit 4:
How does a skilled workforce impact QI

A

a high level of education, QI cluster around universities

158
Q

Unit 4:
How does communication infrastructure impact QI

A

QI need fast internet connectivity - share information globally and transportation infrastructure (road/rail/air) - attend meetings/conferences

159
Q

Unit 4:
How does a government impact QI

A

Governments provide grants to QI, to encourage start up companies and attract foreign investment

160
Q

Unit 4:
How much did the British Government spend on R&D projects in 2014?

A

£9 billion

161
Q

Unit 4:
What is the location Quotient?

A

Way of quantifying how concentrated a particular industry is in a region

162
Q

Unit 4:
Location quadrant scale:

A

> 1.25 - significant degree of clustering
=1 - national average
<1 - dispersed more then national average

163
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
Where does the M4 route go?

A

west of London to south Wales

164
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some communication benefits of the M4 corridor

A

M4 and A34
Electrified railway into central London
Heathrow airport - Global hub airport (all around the world)

165
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some government infrastructure benefits of M4 corridor

A

government research centres encourage other related industries

166
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some skilled workforce benefits of M4 corridor

A

Inward of migration, of skilled workers, nearby universities (Oxford, Brunel, Reading)

167
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List some attractive environments benefits of M4 corridor

A

Thames Valley, Cotswolds, Mendips, Chilterns, Marlborough Downs
Provide homes for highly paid workers

168
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
List 5 examples of institutions around the M4 corridor

A

Aldermaston + Harwell
Jealott’s hill
Porton down
Brunel University
Dyson

169
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Aldermaston + Harwell? Government or Private?

A

Atomic/nuclear energy, Government

170
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Jealott’s hill? Government or Private?

A

Agriculture, Private

171
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Porton down? Government or Private?

A

Chemical and biological weapons, government

172
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
What is Brunel University? Government or Private?

A

Engineering, government

173
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - M4 CORRIDOR
Draw a Diagram of the layout of M4 Corridor

A

:)

174
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is Cambridge science park?

A

A cluster of localised quaternary industries

175
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
Who established the science park? What year and name was the first company?

A

Trinity collage
1973 - Laser Scan

176
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
By 1999 how many companies were located in the park, how many people were employed?

A

64, employing 4000

177
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What happened to the wider area of Cambridge due to the science park, what is this called

A

Growth in quaternary sector - 12,000 companies, employing 35,000 by 1990
Agglomeration of economies (firms in related businesses cluster together)

178
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is an example of a biomedical company, and a computer company

A

Agneus - immune system/cancer
AMD - computer technology

179
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is the benefit of the M11 corridor?

A

allows for easy commute for workers and deliveries

180
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In 2011 how did the employment of people in Quaternary industries in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK?

A

Cambridge - 8%
Average - 2/4%

181
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In 2013 how did the house prices in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK? What is the average house price as of 2023 in Cambridge?

A

2013
Cambridge - 300K
Average - 100/200K

2023
Cambridge - 500K
Average - 300K

182
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
Why are house prices in Cambridge so expensive?

A

Continued gentrification, affluent residents move in, high demand for housing

183
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In 2011 how did the unemployment rate in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK?

A

Cambridge - 2.8%
Average - 4/5%

184
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
Between 2000s-2015 how did the road congestion in Cambridge increase?

A

(Traffic volume index) increased from 200,000 to 232,000

185
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
In between 2001-2011 and 2011-2021 how did the population increase in Cambridge compare with the rest of the UK?

A

2001-2011
Cambridge - 13.8%
Average - 7.8%

2011-2021
Cambridge - 17.1%
Average - 12.5%

186
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
How much investment does Cambridge receive, what is this used on?

A

£1 billion, new railway stations, roads and houses

187
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
How does the university receive investments (how much). What does this mean for investors

A

1500 tech companies, £4 billion investments. Helps company become successful (80% survival rate)

188
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What is the Cambridge Biomedical Campus?

A

Quaternary cluster, 22,000 jobs, 1million nhs patients, contributes £4.2 billion to economy

189
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are economic benefits?

A

1200 Quaternary companies, employing 35,000
Multiplier effect, creating secondary and tertiary employment
Land owners - property price increases to 4th highest in country
Start-ups have 80% survival rate after 3years, compared to 58% national average

190
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are some economic weaknesses?

A

High job availability leads to recruitment issues for lower paying/less desirable jobs (less eg cleaners due to high rent)
Businesses increase costs for goods, due to high property rents

191
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are social benefits?

A

High job availability/low unemployment (2.2%, compared to 4.8%)

192
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are some social weaknesses?

A

Struggle to afford housing (2013- £500K, vs £300k)
Population increase (2011-2021 18% vs 11%) puts pressure on local services

193
Q

Unit 4: CASE STUDY - QUATERNARY INDUSTRY CLUSTER - Cambridge and M11 corridor
What are some environmental weaknesses?

A

Air quality decreases - traffic increased by 16% between 2000s and 2015 (13th worst city in UK).
Continued growth of city at greenbelt 1970 - covers 24km2, 2023 - 37km2

194
Q

Unit 4:
What is the spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test? How does it work?

A

shows to what extent two or more variables are related
-1 = perfect negative
0 = no correlation
+1 = perfect positive

Compare spearman’s rank to Rs value, if Rs value is greater then the critical value there is a significant correlation between the two variables

195
Q
A

Geography Edquadus (5 decks)

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