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Enviornmental Science > ESS grade 9 Test 1 > Flashcards

ESS grade 9 Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Geology stand for

A

Geo = earth
logy = study of

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2
Q

What are the two types of geology

A

physical and historical

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3
Q

what is geology

A

it is an evolving science
it is extremely controversial
it seeks to understand the origin of our planet and our place in the universe
it connects to all other sciences

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4
Q

What are the two ideologies in geology

A

catastrophism
Uniformitarianism

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5
Q

What is relative dating

A

putting geological events in chronological order with rules or laws

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6
Q

What are the laws of relative dating

A

law of original horizontality
law of superposition
principle of fossil succession
law of cross cutting relationships

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7
Q

What is the law of original horizontality

A

anything that settles, settles horizonatily

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8
Q

What is the law of superposition

A

the layer below is older than the layer on the top

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9
Q

what is the principle of fossil succession

A

Life forms succeed one another in a definite order. If a fossil is on a higher layer, it can’t be older than a fossil on a lower level

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10
Q

What is the law of cross cutting relationships

A

if a rock cuts through another rock, it has to be younger than the rock it cuts through

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11
Q

What is absolute dating (radiometric)? How it works and examples

A

it is a lot more specific than relative dating
using radioactive decay of elements to determine the absolute age
only works for hard rocks
Find decay product in a fossil, connect it with it’s parent and check how long the half life is
Ex. Potassium_40 becomes Argon_40 in 1.3 billion years

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12
Q

Journey to the center of the earth

A

atmosphere (gas)
ocean (liquid)
oceanic/continental crust (solid)
crust - lithosphere
Moyo
Mantle (sliquid/slimy)
upper outer core (molten metal - liquid)
lower outer core
Inner core (solid iron)

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13
Q

What are stromatolites and why are they important

A

Layered structures, built up by cyanobacteria (uses photosynthesis and releases oxygen) Their formation altered the environment, leading to the formation of the atmosphere, the accumulation of breathable oxygen, and the evolution of multi-cellular life

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14
Q

What is the Tiktaalik and why is it important

A

a 375 million year old fossil fish with land creature like attributes such as a moveable neck, strong ribcage, lungs, and strong fins. Its discovery shows when the very first fish ventured out onto land.

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15
Q

What is hypoxia and anoxia

A

hypoxia is too much oxygen in atmosphere
anoxia is too little oxygen

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16
Q

Examples of living fossils

A

Coelacanth, horseshoe crab, stromatolites

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17
Q

Hadean Eon

A

Named after hades because of the hellish conditions (high volcanic activity, molten surface, etc)

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18
Q

Archean Eon

A

ancient beginning
single celled organisms evolved (with no nucleus)
we have evidence from the time in the form of living fossils (stromatolites) and BIFs

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19
Q

Proterozoic Eon

A

Early life
when endosymbiotic theory appeared

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20
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A

Visible life
Broken down into periods/ages by mass extinctions

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21
Q

Order of Eons

A

Hadean, archean, proterozoic, phanerozoic

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22
Q

Order of living organisms

A

fish
amphibians
reptiles
dinosaurs
mammals
birds

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23
Q

Order of mass extinctions

A

ordovician - silurian
devonian
permian
triassic
cretaceous
triasage of mammals

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24
Q

Ordovician - silurian extiction

A

caused by global cooling
86% of life died (all sea life bc there was no land life)

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25
Q

Devonian extinction

A

75% of life dead (both sea and land)
caused by hypoxia (too much oxygen) as a result of stromatolites

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26
Q

Permian extinction

A

known as the Great Dying
96% of life died (not in equal proportion)
caused by volcanism and greenhouse affect

27
Q

Triassic extinction

A

killed the first set of dinosaurs
85% of all life lost
cause is unknown (maybe volcanism)

28
Q

Cretaceous extinction

A

most well known
caused by a meteorite/cluster of them which triggered a train reaction of earthquakes, volcanos, etc which caused a blanket of ash which changed CO2 levels
66% of life dead (a lot of mammals survived)
65-66 MYA

29
Q

Triasage of mammals/holocene extinction

A

present time
man made extinction
every year, 100 times more species go extinct

30
Q

What are all extinction events caused by

A

a change in atmospheric or oceanic chemistry

31
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

The theory that Eukaryotic cells are descendants of prokaryotic cells. A bigger cell engulfed a smaller one and instead of absorbing it, they profited off each other and eventually this became a genetically inherited event. The smaller cell became the mitochondrion

32
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes are single celled organism without a nucleus or organelles
eukaryotes are organism whose cells contain a nucleus and organelles

33
Q

Transitional Fossil

A

linking animal between groups of organisms. For example, fish and tetrapod (the prequel to amphibians)

34
Q

What are living fossils

A

animals that haven’t evolved in millions of years and yet still exist (aren’t a real fossil)

35
Q

What is the great unconformity

A

when big ‘holes’ appear in layers of rocks; caused by particles not cementing properly due to extreme wind, water erosion, or an ice age (ice and particles mix so when the ice melts, the particles are brought away with the water - called snowball theory)

36
Q

Coelacanth

A

lobe finned fish
related to tiktaalik
fleshy fins
ovoviviparous (eggs inside but live birth)
living fossil
discovered by Courtney-Latimer

37
Q

Rocks

A

solid mixture of minerals
may be organic (made of dead things)
can have crystals because of minerals
classified by how they are formed
identified by composition (what minerals + amount) and texture (size, shape, position of grains, etc)

38
Q

minerals

A

naturally formed of elements or compounds
inorganic solid (non living)
definite chemical makeup
has crystals
not made of rock
classified by chemical composition

39
Q

Igneous rocks

A

formed when magma or lava cools and hardens
there are two types, intrusive and extrusive
all types of rocks can be changed into igneous rocks by melting and cooling naturally

40
Q

Types of igneous rocks

A

Intrusive = inside the volcano
made from magma
cools slowly beneath earth’s surface
larger crystals
coarse grained
Extrusive = outside of volcano
made from lava
smaller crystals and smoother

41
Q

BIFs

A

Banded Iron Formations
iron in rock formations rust due to oxygen causing a red color
shows periods in which there was oxygen and when there was not
Up until a certain point, the oxygen reacted with minerals in the ocean (like iron) so when BIFs stopped forming completely is when the oxygen started to accumulate

42
Q

What is sedimentary rock

A

when particles are cemented together through a process
1. weathering (rain beating on rocks)
2. erosion (sediments fall off rocks)
3. deposition (sediments fall into body of water)
4. compaction (sediments are compressed under water and gravity)
5. cementation (they squish a lot over time until they form rock)

These rocks are usually softer and visibly sedimentary

43
Q

Types of sedimentary rock

A

Organic =
fossilized remains of plants or animals compressed together
the fossils must remain fossilized, not decomposed.
calcium carbonate (limestone + chalk)
Clastic =
fragments of rock are compacted together (different types randomly stick together)
chemical =
sediments are glued together by dissolving minerals

44
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

formed when existing roc is changed into new rock by the heating from the rock and pressure from rocks around it
found near the core of the earth (where theres a lot of heat and pressure)
usually very pretty
very hard
all rocks can become metamorphic through heat and pressure

45
Q

types of metamorphic rock

A

Foliated =
crystals aligned in layers (usually previously sedimentary)
Non foliated =
crystals arranged randomly (usually previously igneous)

46
Q

What is physical Geology

A

physical - examines materials and processes of earth

47
Q

What is historical Geology

A

historical - examines origin and evolution of earth

48
Q

What is uniformitarianism

A

Uniformitarianism says that the same processes at work today were at work in the past, late 1700s, James Hutton, is the current theory

49
Q

What is catastrophism

A

catastrophism - biblical view, mid 1600s, James Ussher

50
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

Time period when the diversification and abundance of life began

51
Q

Rock cycle

A

The cycle which describes the processes needed for rocks to transition between the three main types of rock

52
Q

When did humans appear

A

3,500,000 years ago

53
Q

what is ecology

A

the study of life and how it relates to other life and the earth

54
Q

Food/ energy pyramid

A

decomposers
producers (plants)
primary consumers (herbivores)
secondary consumers (omnivores)
Apex predator (carnivore)
as energy moves up, only 10 % is gained

55
Q

food chain

A

a linear sequence showing how energy and nutrients flow from one organism to another

56
Q

food web

A

a complex network of interlinked food chains representing multiple pathways through which energy and nutrients pass in an ecosystem

57
Q

mutualism

A

benefits both species

58
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed

59
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits at the expense of another

60
Q

predation

A

one organism eats another

61
Q

competition

A

two organisms compete for a resource

62
Q

habitat

A

the natural enviornment where an organism lives

63
Q

niche

A

the role an organism plays in its enviornment, including it shabitat, resources use, and interaction with other organisms (how they survive) Ex. beak shape canary vs finch

64
Q

endangered species

A

a species at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, pollution, or other factors

Enviornmental Science (3 decks)

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