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Enviornmental Science > ESS grade 10 test 2 > Flashcards

ESS grade 10 test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

all the individuals of a species that live together in an area

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2
Q

demography

A

the statistical study of populations allows predictions to be made about how a population will change

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3
Q

three key features of a population

A

size
density
dispersion

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4
Q

size

A

number of individuals in an area

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5
Q

density

A

measurement of the population per unit area/volume

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6
Q

density equation

A

number of individuals / unit of space

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7
Q

types of dispersion

A
  • clumped = schools of fish, herds, flocks of birds
  • random = weeds, spread out, no order
  • uniform = rows of corn, vineyards (usually only with human involvement)
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8
Q

Other key features of a population

A

growth rate
- birth rate (natality) - death rate (mortality) = natural growth rate
- + natality + immigration - mortality - emigration = actual growth rate

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9
Q

How is density affected

A
  • immigration
  • emigration
  • density dependent factors
  • density independent factors
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10
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into a population

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11
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population

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12
Q

density dependent factors

A

biotic factors in the enviornment that have an increasing effect as the population size increases (disease, parasites, competition)

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13
Q

density independent factors

A

abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density (temperature, weather)

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14
Q

how is population size measured

A
  • population density
  • size (count all individuals in a population)
  • estimate by sampling
  • mark - recapture method
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15
Q

explain estimate by sampling

A

lincoln index
- find a group of species year one and tag them
- in year two collect another group randomly
- in year two group, the group will have some from year one and some new ones
- use the math formula to estimate the change in population

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16
Q

explain mark recapture method

A

mark an animal and follow it for a while

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17
Q

carrying capacity + the other name for it

A

the max population size that can be supported by the available resources. there can only be as many organisms as the environment’s resources can support
- called the booms and busts

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18
Q

exponential vs logistic growth

A

exponential (up curve)
logistical (up and then curves off)

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19
Q

factors limiting growth rate (declining growth rate or increasing death rate)

A

limited food supple
buildup of toxic wastes
increased disease
predators

20
Q

bioaccumulation

A

the more tainted food an organism eats, the more the toxic substance accumulates in the body. causes infertility
for example, mercury

21
Q

biomagnification

A

amount of toxic substances builds up with the food chain.
ship = 1
fish eats 3 shrimp
fish = 3
big fish eats 3 fish
big fish = 9
etc

22
Q

r strategists

A

focus on reproducing
- short lifespan
- small body size
- reproduces quickly
- many offspring
- little to no parental care
- ex mosquitos, flys, weeds, bacteria, cockroaches

23
Q

k strategists

A

focus on maintaining the carrying capacity (not reproducing)
- long life span
- large body size
- reproduces slowly (gestation period)
- have few offspring
- provides parental care
- ex humans, elephants, cows, etc

24
Q

neither k nor r strategists

A

some species are neither or a bit of both
- dogs
- cats
- birds
- squirrels

25
Q

reproductive strategy organisms on survivorship graphs

A

time on the x
percentage of organisms alive on the y
- r = L shape
- k = upside down L shape
- neither = in the middle

26
Q

population pyramids

A
  • shows when events occur in time which affect population size
  • shows where countries need to improve in elderly care, natality rates
  • shows the age range of the population
27
Q

biodiversity

A

measure of how different species live in an ecosystem

28
Q

high vs low biodiversity in ecosystems

A

high - many different species of organism
low - not many different species of organism

29
Q

ecosystem stability

A

the higher the biodiversity, the more stable the ecosystem will be

30
Q

how will a species going extinct affect an ecosystem with high biodiversity

A

it wont make much of a difference since there are still other options for organisms to feed on

31
Q

how will a species going extinct affect an ecosystem with low biodiversity

A

one small change will cause several organisms to go without food

32
Q

what organisms are more likely to go extinct

A

organisms with specialized habit or diet
ex pandas, koalas

33
Q

invasive species

A

non native species in an ecosystem that reproduce quickly and have no/few natural predators
- they decrease biodiversity by taking over food sources, space, causing competition and pushing out native species

34
Q

ex of invasive species

A

zebra mussels, kudzu plant, brown tree snake, wild hogs/boars

35
Q

survivorship curve

A

graph which shows when a population is most likely to die

36
Q

what do all types of growth start out as

A

exponential growth

37
Q

total fertility rate

A

average number of children a female has in her lifetime

38
Q

biotic potential

A

max ability to produce offspring

39
Q

estimate of humans carrying capacity

A

10-15 billion

40
Q

ecological footprint

A

how many resources a human requires to live

41
Q

life history

A

a record of all events in an organisms life including growth, development reproduction, and survival

42
Q

will a population level off the same year it reaches zero population growth

A

no, because the parents live on for years, meanwhile their children are having children and so on

43
Q

Limiting factors + examples

A

factors that limit (slows or stops) a population from growing further.
ex. food, water, space, disease, mates, natural disasters, predation

44
Q

mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitism, competition

A

mutualism - both benefit
commensalism - one benefits, one doesnt care
predation - one benefits the other doesnt
parasitism - parasite benefits, host doesnt
competition - neither benefits

45
Q

negative feedback loop

A

when a process occurs which allows conditions to stay the same

46
Q

delayed density dependance

A

predator prey relationship
- prey increases
- this causes predators to decrease due to abundance of food
- abundance of predators cause the prey to die out
- lack of prey causes predators to starve and they die out
- lack of predators causes prey to grow
etc, etc

Enviornmental Science (3 decks)

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