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24- Blood and blood vessels > Erythropoiesis > Flashcards

Erythropoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of Erythrocytes

A

90%

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2
Q

What other cells are present in blood

A

Leucocytes

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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3
Q

Why do erythrocytes have a biconcave disc shape

A

Increases surface area by around 20-30% increasing carrying capacity

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4
Q

What will failure of Na+ movement across the erythrocytes cell membrane

A

Leads to swelling and loss of the normal biconcave disc morphology

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5
Q

Describe dog erythrocytes

A

uniform in size, with a concave shape

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6
Q

Describe cat erythrocytes

A

smaller
anisocytosis (variation in size)
less concave

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of horse erythrocytes

A

Have a rouleaux formation (clustering of RBCs in standing blood)

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8
Q

Describe the apperance of ruminant erythrocytes

A

crenation (spiky)

variation in size

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9
Q

Describe the apperance of camelid erythrocytes

A

elipsoid in shape

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10
Q

What are some defining features of avian and reptile erythrocytes

A
  • Nucleated
  • Larger
    immature erythrocytes may be rounded
  • cells can lose their nucleus and be termed erythroplastids
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11
Q

Why are erythrocytes so metabolically active

A

Energy is require to maintain the electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane and of haemoglobin molecules

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12
Q

How do erythrocytes derive energy

A

By anaerobic metabolism of glucose (avoid consumption of O2 they are carrying)

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13
Q

What are the main roles of erythrocytes

A
  • Transport of O2 from lungs to cells

- Transport of CO2 from cells to lungs

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14
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood

A

Dissolved in plasma, bound to globin, or as bicarbonate ions in plasma

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15
Q

What percentage of erythrocyte protein is haemoglobin

A

95%

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16
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A

Made of 4 polypeptide subunits (2 infection all alpha ones and 2 identical beta ons), and is a water soluble globular protein.
A central haem group is found in the each of the polypeptide subunits, contains an iron atom to bind O2

17
Q

What does haemoglobin do in areas of high oxygen concentration

A

Globin releases CO2 and iron binds to O2 (oxyhaemoglobin)

18
Q

What does haemoglobin do in areas of low oxygen concentraion

A

O2 released and binds to CO2 (carbaminohaemoglobin)

19
Q

What is released in hypoxic tissues to facilitate release of O2 from erythrocytes?

A

2,3-diphosphoglyceride (a carbohydrate)

20
Q

What happens if haemoglobin binds nitric oxide

A

Causes dilation of the blood vessels

21
Q

What compound has a greater affinity for haem than oxygen and can be fatal?

A

Carbon monoxide

22
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

formation of blood cells

23
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

production of red blood cells

24
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow and spleen

25
Q

Which organ is an important haematopoietic organ in fish?

A

The kidney

26
Q

What is require for the formation of erythrocytes

A

Protein, Iron, Copper, Folic acid, Vitamins (B2, B6, B12)

27
Q

What can a reduction of iron have of erythropoiesis?

A

Reduces the formation of new RBCs

28
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

hormone that stimulates RBC production

29
Q

Where is EPO produced in early embryonic/foetal life

A

expressed in the yolk sac

30
Q

Where is EPO produced in the adult?

A

The Kidney

31
Q

Describe the regulation of Erythrocyte production

A

Reduced transport of O2 > Renal secretion of erythropoietin > Increased Production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow > Increase in circulating Erythrocytes > Restoration of the O2 transport

32
Q

Describe what happens to RBCs as they age

A
  1. Lose sialic acid residues from their surface, this exposes galactose moieties that induce their phagocytosis
  2. Become more fragile
  3. May become swollen due to failure of normal membrane function
33
Q

Describe the process of Erythrocyte breakdown

A
  1. Damaged RBCs phagocytosed by Macrophage
  2. Recycling of Haemoglobin
  3. Iron reused for RBC production in bone marrow
  4. In liver Iron is stored as ferratin, bilirubin excreted in bile
34
Q

What is transferrin?

A

protein that transports iron through circulation

35
Q

What is ferratin?

A

Primary intracellular iron-storage protein keeping iron in a soluble and non-toxic form

36
Q

What is haemosiderin?

A
  • orange brown pigment

- accumulation of iron released form haeme molecules loosely complexed with protein

37
Q

What would removal of the spleen do to the lifespan of erythrocytes

A

Lifespan increase - this is due to the spleen having narrow passages, which increases the likelihood of erythrocyte rupture when they pass through the spleen

24- Blood and blood vessels (9 decks)

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