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bfii physiology > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

structural characteristics that contribute to it transport of gases

A
  1. Biconcave shape that has a huge surface area
    relative to volume
  2. high amount of hemoglobin / 97% hemoglobin
  3. Anaerobic respiration, to conserve oxygen
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2
Q

two main function of erythrocytes

A
  1. transport of gases

2. buffer blood pH

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3
Q

briefly describe the structure of hemoglobin

A
  1. Consists of two α and two β subunits of globin
  2. Each subunit binds to a heme group
  3. each globin subunit bind to one heme group
  4. Each heme group bears an atom of iron, which can bind to one oxygen molecule.
  5. hemoglobin transport 4 oxygen molecule
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4
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

refers specifically to erythrocytes production.

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5
Q

stem cell for erythrocytes is ……….

A

hemocytoblast

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6
Q

development of erythrocytes

A
  1. hemocytoblast
  2. proerythroblast
  3. erythroblast ( ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts )
  4. normoblast ( – hemoglobin accumulation in late erythroblasts and normoblasts )
  5. reticulocytes ( ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of reticulocytes )
  6. erythrocyte ( Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes )
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6
Q

development of erythrocytes

A
  1. hemocytoblast
  2. proerythroblast
  3. erythroblast
  4. normablast
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7
Q

where is hemotopoiesis take place

A

the red bone marrow of epiphyses of the humerus and femur, and axial skeletal and girdles.

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8
Q

iron is stored in intracellular in the following proteins

A
  1. ferritin

2. hemosiderin

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9
Q

in circulating extracellular iron is loosely stored in protein called

A

transferrin

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10
Q

hormone that influence erythropoiesis and organ that produces it

A

erythropoietin and produced by the kidney

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11
Q

what triggers kidneys to produce erythropoietin ( EPO ) hormone

A
  1. hypoxia
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12
Q

erythropoietin mechanism

A
  1. reduction in oxygen/ hypoxia stimulates kidneys to produce erythropoietin.
  2. erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow.
  3. red bone marrow produces erythrocytes through erythropoiesis.
  4. the level of oxygen is restored and the production of erythropoietin stops.
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13
Q

what is the differences btn hypoxia and hypoxemia

A

hypoxia is a low oxygen level in the body tissue while hypoxemia is a low oxygen level in the blood.

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14
Q

main causes of hypoxia

A
  1. hemorrhage or excess destruction of erythrocytes
  2. pneumonia
  3. vigorous physical exercises.
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15
Q

what is the fate of erythrocytes

A
  1. after production circulate in the blood for 100 - 120 days/ 4 months.
  2. erythrocytes then get phagocytized by phagocytes.
    - cell fragments lost to phagocytes.
    - hemoglobin degraded into heme and globin.
    - heme is digested in the liver to release iron to be stored and heme is turned into biliverdin, then into bilirubin, then into bile, and into feces.
    - globin hydrolyzed into amino acid.
16
Q

important anemia:

  1. Hemorrhagic anemia
  2. Hemolytic anemia
  3. Aplastic anemia
  4. Pernicious anemia
  5. Sickle-cell anemia
A
  1. is a lack of red blood cells due to acute/chronic hemorrhage.
  2. Hemolytic anemia is a blood condition that occurs when your red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced.
  3. deficiency of all types of blood cells caused by failure of bone marrow development. caused by damage of stem cells/ hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow.
  4. a deficiency in the production of red blood cells through a lack of vitamin B12. Caused by a lack of intrinsic factors that are responsible for the absorption of Vitamin B12.
    • result from the defective gene coding for hemoglobin S /Hb S.
      - it has single amino acid in the beta chain.
      - erythrocytes have a sickle shape that can carry few oxygens.
17
Q

what is polycythemia

A

excess erythrocytes that cause an increase in viscosity.

18
Q

types of polycythemia

A
  1. polycythemia vera/ primary polycythemia: caused by an abnormality of bone marrow cells that leads to overproduction of erythrocytes.
  2. secondary polycythemia: is overproduction that is caused by another factor, not in the bone marrow cells.
  3. blood doping is due to introducing your own blood back into circulation after a period of time from the removal point.
19
Q

disorders of shape of erythrocytes

A
  1. spherocytosis: with spherical shape.
  2. elliptocytosis: with an elliptical shape.
  3. sickle cell: sickle-shaped.
  4. acanthocytosis: irregular shaped
  5. ovalocytosis/Hereditary elliptocytosis
20
Q
  1. Microcytosis

2. Macrocytosis

A
  1. small than normal

2. bigger than normal

bfii physiology (9 decks)

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