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OBGYN US EXAM > ERU-24 The Fetal Head and Brain > Flashcards

ERU-24 The Fetal Head and Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Neural plate > neural tube > procen-, mesen-, rhombencephalon

A
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2
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

The anterior fontanelle?

A

by 6 months

by 18 months

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3
Q

What is the function of the falx cerebri?

The corpus callosum?

A

Separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Connects the 2 hemispheres

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4
Q

Absence of the cavum septum pellucidum would indicate what?

A

Agenesis of the corpus callosum, the part that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

What connects the 2 lobes of the thalamus?

A

The masa intermedia or interthalamic adhesion which passes through the midline of the 3rd ventricle

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6
Q

What lines the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A

Ependyma

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7
Q

1st and 2nd ventricle > foramen of Monroe > 3rd ventricle > aqueduct of Sylvius/cerebral aqueduct > 4th ventricle > foramen of Luschka to bathe brain or foramen of Magendie to the cysterna magna and subarachnoid space.

A
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8
Q

What is a cephalic index?
What does a CI of <75 indicate?
>85?
When estimating gestational age, what should you be used besides by parietal diameter in this instance?

A

A tool used to indicate the shape of the fetal head

Dolichocephalic/scaphocephaly (long, narrow)
Brachiocephalic (short and round)

Head circumference

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9
Q

What is a normal lateral ventricle measurement?

A

<10mm

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10
Q
  1. What condition(s) would be indicated by a Lemon head shape?
  2. Strawberry
  3. Cloverleaf
  4. Microcephaly
  5. Macrocephaly
  6. Brachycephaly
  7. Dolichocephaly
A
  1. Chiari II malformation
  2. Trisomy 18
  3. Thanatophoric dysplasia
  4. TORCH, Tris 13, Tris 18, Meckel-Gruber syndrome
  5. hydroceph, tumor, familial, beckwith-wiedemann
  6. Craniosynostosis, tris 21, tris 18
  7. Craniosynostosis
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11
Q

What is a normal cisterna magna measurement?
Larger would indicate what?
Smaller would indicate what?

A

2 - 10mm

larger: Dandy-Walker complex
smaller: Arnold-Chiari II malformation

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12
Q

What does the “dangling choroid sign” indicate?

A

Ventriculomegaly. Choroid plexus dangling and surrounded by CSF.

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in utero?

A

Aqueductal stenosis: normal 4 ventricle & all others dilated.

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14
Q

How is hydranencephaly be differentiated from alobar holoprosencephaly?

A

In holoprosencephaly, a rim of cerebral tissue is maintained.
In hydranencephaly, no cerebral mantle is present

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15
Q

A horseshoe shaped monoventricle in the fetal brain indicates what?

A

alobar holoprosencephaly

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16
Q

What diagnoses are associated with holoprosencephaly?

A

Tris 13 (Patau syndrome) present in 50-70% of cases

17
Q

What are the sonographic findings of Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

Enlargement of cisterna magna (>10mm)
Communication of the enlarged CM with a dilated 4th ventricle
Agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis
Varying degrees of ventriculomegaly

18
Q

How does DWS differ from mega cisterna magna, sonographically?

A

MCM will have normal cerebellum and 4th ventricle

19
Q

What would be the pathomnemonic finding of agenesis of the corpus collosum on ultrasound?

A

The absence of the corpus collosum and cavum septum pellucidum after 18 weeks + “sunburst” or “spoke wheel” pattern.

20
Q

What is the sonographic finding indicating schizencephaly?

A

Fluid-filled clefts within the cerebrum
Agenesis of CSP and corpus collosum
Ventriculomegaly

21
Q

What is porencephaly?

A

A rare condition in which a cyst communicated with the ventricular system in the brain. Associated with stroke. Usually unilateral

22
Q

How can porencephaly be distinguished from an arachnoid cyst?

A

Arachnoid cysts do not communicate with the brains ventricular system.

23
Q

What is lissencephaly?

A

A condition distinguished by lack of gyri and sulci in the cerebrum.

24
Q

TORCH infection

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus (most common)
Herpes simplex

causes calcifications and ventriculomegaly

25
Q

What is the most common fetal intracranial tumor?

A

Teratoma

26
Q

What is a vein of Galen aneurysm associated with?

A

CHF in the newborn

fetal hydrops

27
Q

The resistance pattern of the MCA should be (< / >) the umbilical artery.
An abnormality indicates what?

A

Greater than
MCA/UA : >1 = normal
Hypoxia, especially if FGR

28
Q

What is Apert syndrome?

A

A genetic disorder that includes craniosynostosis, midline facial hypoplasia, and syndactyly

29
Q

How is the cephalic index calculated?

A

CI = BPD/OFD * 100

OFD equals occipital frontal diameter

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