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Winter Term 2023 > Erth 307 > Flashcards

Erth 307 Flashcards

1
Q

Sub-disciplines of oceanography

A

Geological - Earth’s surface/seafloor
Biological - phytoplankton, marine organisms, productivity, food webs
Chemical - seawater properties, water column properties, coriolis effect, water transportation
Physical - tides, coastal processes, waves, ocean circulation

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2
Q

Ocean geography

A

the average depth of the ocean is way deeper than the average height of land
Ocean depth is measured directly or indirectly
Directly - weight on a measured length of line
Indirectly - pressure, sound waves, satellites

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3
Q

Aspect ratio

A

the average depth of the ocean is way deeper than the average height of land
Ocean depth is measured directly or indirectly
Directly - weight on a measured length of line
Indirectly - pressure, sound waves, satellites

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4
Q

Latitude

A

east-west; measures north-south

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5
Q

Longitude

A

north-south; measures east-west
changes in distance between lines

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6
Q

Hypsography

A

science of determination and mapping of the relative elevation of land and sea

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7
Q

Chemical composition of Earth

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

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8
Q

Physical properties of Earth

A

Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer Core
Inner Core

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9
Q

Continental Drift

A

Alfred Wegener; advanced to idea of mobile continents

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10
Q

Evidence of continental drift

A

Fit of continents together
Mountain ranges across continents
Glaciers and climate changes
Fossils

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11
Q

Drawbacks of continental drift

A

theory failed to explain why continents move
Wegener thought gravity pulled the continents

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12
Q

Sea-floor spreading

A

new seafloor (oceanic crust) is formed at the oceanic ridges, pulling apart

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13
Q

Paleomagnetism

A

Earth has a magnetic field that switches polarity, this is imprinted on new oceanic crust as it is formed at ridges

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14
Q

Theory of plate tectonics

A

Earth is made of lithospheric plates, new ocean crust formed at spreading centers, destroyed in subduction zones
Slab pulling and slab suction are main driving forces

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15
Q

New evidence for plate tectonics

A

Age of the seafloor - new age dating methods allowed for determination of age of seafloor, supporting seafloor spreading theory
Earthquakes support theory of plate tectonics

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16
Q

Convergent boundaries

A

come together
3 types depending on crust

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17
Q

Convergent 1

A

Oceanic-continental
continental arc formed
Oceanic crust is ALWAYS subducted because it’s DENSER than continental crust

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18
Q

Convergent 2

A

Oceanic-oceanic
Island Arc formed

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19
Q

Convergent 3

A

Continental-continental
Mountains formed

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20
Q

Divergent boundaries

A

spread apart
example - Iceland, Red Sea, and Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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21
Q

Transform boundaries

A

move parallel to one another

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22
Q

Isostasy

A

Isostatic equilibrium
Movement of crust in the vertical to steady state positions
Results from lithosphere riding on top of asthenosphere
The key is the different densities of crust types

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23
Q

Mid-ocean ridge variability

A

MOR is moving slower than EPR

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24
Q

Bathymetry

A

the measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape, or topography, of water beneath a ship
Oldest method
direct and intuitive
Measured with a line
1 fathom = 6 feet

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25
Q

Measuring depth

A

Soundings
Echo sounders
Multibeam sonar
Satellites

26
Q

Active margins

A

occur at convergent boundaries

27
Q

Passive margins

A

do NOT occur at plate boundaries

28
Q

Marine sediments are made up of

A

Dead organisms
Wind blown dust
Volcanoes
Deep ocean water
Atmosphere

29
Q

Marine sediments are

A

particles of various sizes from a variety of sources on the sea floor or coastal zone

30
Q

Neritic zone

A

coastal, continental shelf areas

31
Q

Pelagic zone

A

open ocean

32
Q

Marine sediments can be

A

of all different sizes and provide a very complete record of climate conditions

33
Q

Lithogenous

A

Derived from land sources
Typically made of quartz
Can be sorted by grain size (range from fine grain to pebbles or boulders)

34
Q

Biogenous

A

Derived from biology (dead organisms)
Calcium carbonate and silica
Microscopic

35
Q

Hydrogenous

A

Precipitated out from dissolved substances in seawater (like hydrothermal vents)

36
Q

Cosmogenous

A

Space-borne dust (like meteors)

37
Q

CCD (Calcium Carbonate [Calcite] Compensation Depth)

A

the depth at which the rate of carbonate accumulation equals the rate of carbonate dissolution
Destruction

38
Q

Settling velocity

A

Depends on the weight and size of sediment particle
Under the condition of equilibrium between the gravitational and drag forces on the settling particle

39
Q

Turbidity currents

A

Conduits for lithogenous sediment to deep ocean (called density driven currents)

40
Q

Why is water unusual?

A

High specific heat
Hydrogen bonds
High boiling and melting points
Solid phase expands, less dense than liquid phase
Universal solvent
Polarity
Essential to life

41
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Very high specific heat (amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of a substance 1 degree C)

42
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bond; direct result of polarity
Forms between adjacent water molecules (leads to water being ‘sticky’)

43
Q

Density

A

mass/volume
Related to molecule structure and why its density changes with temp
Fresh water’s temperature of max density is 4 degrees C
Function of Salinity, Temperature, and Pressure

44
Q

Salinity

A

Total amount of solid material dissolved in water

45
Q

Measuring salinity

A

Evaporate and weigh salt left over
Chlorinity; measure amount of Cl, can get total salinity of water (PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS)
Conductivity; measure electrical conductivity of seawater, directly proportional to dissolved ions in sample

46
Q

Processes affecting salinity

A

Runoff (rivers)
Precipitation
Evaporation
Sea ice melt
Sea ice formation
Icebergs melt

47
Q

Conservative forces

A

Long residence times
Little or no change over time
occur in constant proportions in seawater (includes major consitituents [Cl, Na, Ca, K])

48
Q

Non-conservative forces

A

Significant change over time
Short residence times
Variability over oceans; biologically active/reactive (includes O2, CO2, nutrients [nitrate])

49
Q

Residence time =

A

volume (or mass of stuff)/flux of stuff

50
Q

Surface T and S patterns

A

Vary in time and space
Vertical variations exist in both
Horizontal variations in T and S change in time, but major patterns exist

51
Q

Latitudinal trends in T and S

A

High latitudes: lowest S; precipitation + runoff + ice melt; cooler temps = less evaporation
Mid-latitudes: high S; little precipitation and runoff; high evaporation rates; warmer air descends near tropics of Capricorn/Cancer
Equator: relatively low S; warm air = high evaporation rates; offset by high precipitation and runoff

52
Q

Halocline

A

Rapid change in salinity with depth
Separates layers in ocean
Can go either way

53
Q

Thermocline

A

Rapid change in temperature with depth
Separates layers in ocean
Can go either way or be absent altogether

54
Q

Seasonal thermocline

A

Develops over seasonal cycle
Depth and strength of thermocline changes in time

55
Q

Temperature has a large effect on density

A

Inversely related
Lighter water resides over top denser water

56
Q

Pycnocline

A

Rapid change in density with depth
Separates layers in ocean

57
Q

Pressure

A

Temperature ↑ = density ↓ (thermal expansion)
Salinity ↑ = density ↑ (more stuff in some volume of water)
Pressure ↑ = density ↑ (more stuff in some volume of water)

58
Q

Dissolved gases

A

Amounts in seawater vs atmosphere depends on
Solubility
Percent of atmosphere

59
Q

Amount of O2

A

Surface: high
Intermediate depths: decreases rapidly
Greater depths: increases

60
Q

Amount of CO2

A

Surface: equilibrium with atmosphere
Intermediate depths: increases
Greater depths: decreases

61
Q

Changing pH in oceans

A

Ocean buffering - carbonate is ocean’s buffer
As CO2 goes up, pH goes down (slowly becoming more acidic)
pH changes are not the same everywhere

Winter Term 2023 (4 decks)

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