Clas 201 Exam 3 Flashcards
Orchestra
Primarily a dancing ground for the chorus
Early days - square; later days - circular
Chorus would dance and sing and would interact with primary characters
Chorus
12-15 actors with a group identity; grew larger overtime
Wore masks
Persian chorus - upper class Persian elders who took government positions while Xerxes was gone
Theatron
Where the spectators sat
“Viewing place”
Hillside overlooking the orchestra
People were packed in tight; this created community
Skene
Building directly behind the stage
The stage is separate from the orchestra
Actors were on the stage, chorus was on the orchestra
Early - just a tent structure; at least 1 set of doors with roof access from behind
Also served as a dressing and prop room
Parados (pl. Parodoi)
Where chorus made their exit/entrance; “the road beside”
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Label the parts of a Greek theater
Theatron
Parados Orchestra Parados
Skene
Performance of a Greek Tragedy
Involved music, singing, and dancing (elaborate choreography)
Similar to opera rather than plays
Only performed by men (they also played female roles)
We don’t know if women were allowed to go to plays
Dionysia
“Things having to do with Dionysus”
Religious festival held in Athens once a year; fertility festival; arrival of spring
Tragedies viewed
Lasted 5 days; 3 days of tragedies
3 poets competing - 1 poet per day, 4 plays - 3 tragedies and 1 lighthearted
Winner got a crown made of ivy (had symbolic value)
Aeschylus
Oldest of 3 famed tragedians (other 2 Sophocles and Euripides)
Born 525 BCE died around 456 BCE; Classical Age
Privileged; lofty language, religious sensibility; valorized patriotism
Only have 6 extant plays; often an actor in his own plays
13 victories
Fought at the Battle of Marathon
The Chorus of the Persians
Battle of Salamis as seen from the Persian side; sympathetic to the Persians
Based on historical events; presented in 472 BCE
Persian Susa; tomb of Darius nearby (previous king)
Opening of play is chorus singing and introducing themselves; trusted with looking over the country while Xerxes is away
Mentions individual socio-economic elite Persians and allies
Xerxes’ Bridging of the Hellespont
Straight of Hellespont (Dardanelles); separates Europe from Asia; famous accomplishment for Xerxes
Planks over tops of boats to make a ‘road’
Going beyond propriety; hubristic; going beyond Poseidon
Proskonesis
Bowing down of 1 person before another; Greeks didn’t practice this; Persians had to when greeting royalty
Gives a view of hierarchical society in Persia
The Persian Queen
Bedmate and mother of a god
Fears that Xerxes and kingdom are in peril
Dream and bird omen
The Queen’s Dream
2 beautiful women (sisters) wearing Persian and Doran clothing; start squabbling
Xerxes places the women under a yoke strip; Persian women becomes obedient, but Greek women fights back; can’t get Greece under his control
Greeks and Persians are related (share ancestors)
The Queen’s Bird Omen
Hawk swoops down on eagle; eagle cowers in fear
Eagle - Persian empire; Hawk - Greece (Apollo)
Symbolizes flight of Persians when they flee Greece; Greeks will get their revenge against Persians
Trireme and Naval Warfare
Trireme - ancient warship; 3 levels of oars; most important warship in Mediterranean
Greeks had 300 ships, Persians had 1,000
Some god aided Greeks
Huge bronze prow (440+ pounds); main part of trireme warfare (rammed other ships)
Persians were tightly squished together, began ramming one another
Psytallia
Island between Athens and Salamis; Xerxes placed land forces here (best warriors)
Planned to kill any Greeks who washed up, but the Persian soldiers were killed
After sea battle, put on hoplite armor; losses are hurtful for Persians
Hubris (insolence, haughtiness)
Someone is acting out above their station
Ex. Xerxes bridges Hellespont; boastful Persian nation is going to be destroyed
Reversal of fortune; Queen offers libations in hopes to win favor of Darius
The Ghost of Darius
Darius is fed, Darius appears, brings only bad news
Powerful divinity put Xerxes out of his right mind; goes beyond propriety (acts of hubris)
Darius’ Prophecy of Plateia
“Requital of godless arrogance” for Persians because they burned down Greek temples and such; more suffering is to come
Kommos
Sung lament between an actor and the chorus; 1 actor and choral body; very emotionally overwhelmed
Lamentation, sad singing, Xerxes returns to Persia
Schadenfreude or compassion?
Some of audience probably fought at Salamis
Does Athenian audience feel compassion for the Persians?
The Classical Age (480 BCE-338 BCE) and the Pentecontaetia
Pentecontaetia - 50 year period
From Sparta to Athens
Greeks were fascinated by the Persians
Pausanias started acting like a Persian
Hubris - Ate
Ionians wanted Athenians to be in charge of Greek forces
Delian League
New alliance led by Athens
Hegemon - leader; Athens was the hegemon
Alliance kept money in Delos; money paid to Athens as tribute
Allies became subordinate; Athenian Empire - development of power
Ekklesia (Assembly)
Collective assembly of Athenians; all Athenians who wanted to come showed up
Met 40 times per year; 10 month year; met 4 times every month
Held at Pnyx
Three Important Magistrates
The Polemarch: in charge of the army; Polem - army; commander in chief of military
The Archon Basileus: Basileus - king; ‘king ruler’; doesn’t define what he had control of; in charge of religious life
The Eponymous Archon: Eponymous - something that is names after something/somebody else; year is named after this archon; chief civic officer; oversaw Ekklesia and Boule
Making democracy more democratic
Could take breaks to serve civic duties (jury duty)
Public subsidies - allowed poor people access to religious events
Increasingly chosen by lot (chance), not by class
Power being given to less privileged peoples
Boule (Council)
Group of people elected to manage affairs of city
500 men; chosen by lot; most men would serve at least once in their lifetime
Prepared agenda for Ekklesia
Areopagus
Group of individuals - fulfilled judicial function; served as a court; made up of ex-archons
Also referred to where they met; the Hill of Ares
Magistrates who would adjudicate trials; held position for 1 year
Deme (little), Tribe (middle), Polis (big)
Deme: smallest division; kind of like neighborhoods; 139 demes; enrolled as citizens in demes
Tribes: 10 groups
Polis: all Athenian citizens members of polis of Athens; Polis level institutions were replicated on lower levels
Athenian Law Courts
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Important for democracy; very proud of this
Juries could be huge 0 size made tampering with it very difficult
IMAGE ID - Athenian voting machine; kleroterion; jury chosen at random with this; card goes in slots and out tube
Added element of random selection; made bribery harder
Athens’ Empire in Crisis
Persians became less of a threat; Athenians continued to demand tribute; picked on smaller territories
Sparta became distrustful and wary of Delian League
480-430 BCE: Athens became richer and crueler; became hubristic
Dominance over allies would lead to crisis; subjected peoples wanted/did revolt
Athenian Colonies and Cleruchies
Colonies independent; not the case with Athenian colonies
Tool of Athenian hegemonic project
Clerochies similar to colonies; remained Athenian citizens; obligated to provide Athenian military service subordinated local peoples
Democracy and Empire Intertwined
Navy - lowest classes; gigantic; trireme - 150 rowers
Collected tribute, subordinated others
Greater interest in navy being powerful
Got very rich
Acropolis
Acro-high, Polis-city-state - high city-state; all Greek cities had these
Fortified location where citizens could retreat if attacked; sacred buildings located here
Defense, but also daily basis worship
Tribute paid by Delian League (allies)
Parthenon
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Parthenos - virgin; Athena - virgin goddess
Parthenon - temple of the virgin
For Athena, patroness of Athens
8 columns on front, 17 on side (double count corners)
Columns
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Doric Order: no decorative piece, thicker at bottom, simple
Ionic Order: footing; circular whirlies on top
Corinthian Order:
3 level footing, leaves and roses on top
Athena Parthenos
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Athena Parthenos with Nike in hand
Athena the virgin; 40 feet tall, gold and ivory, very valuable
Nike - victory; 6 feet tall, references aid given to Athenians at Salamis
Made by Pheidias
Statue no longer exists
Was in a vault at the back of the Parthenon
East Pediment of the Parthenon
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Triangular top; (always) elaborately painted
Birth of Athena from the head of Zeus; myth depicted
Athena is soon to be child of Metis; Zeus swallowed Metis; Athena bore herself from Zeus’ head with shield and sword in hand
Wanted to display Athens’ connection to Athena’s birth story
West Pediment of the Parthenon
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Myth depicted; olive tree creation myth
Contest between Poseidon and Athena for control of “Athens”
Usefulness of offering to inhabitants
Poseidon struck Acropolis; created a saltwater spring
Athena created an olive tree - more useful so she wins
Etiological myth
Athena on right; spear and shield in hand
Poseidon on left; trident in hand
Constructing an identity around Athena (self-importance)
Propylaea
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“Gateway”
Gateway to the Acropolis; can be closed
Never completely finished, but usable
Pollution - turning buildings to dust
Facade is DORIC; wide entrance to accommodate large processions with animals for sacrifice
2 main functions - protects Acropolis; delineates sacred space from non-sacred space
Temple of Athena Nike
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2 goddesses get fused into 1 at this temple; power merges - very powerful
Small temple, near entrance to Acropolis
Deep sense of pride for longevity of inhabitance in Athens
Columns are IONIC
Ancient wooden image; shield and pomegranate
Pomegranate symbolizes fertility
Parapet - low wall; Nike performing various actions
Athens had Athena and Nike on their side; civic identity
Erechtheion
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Sacred space for Athena, Poseidon, and others
Named during the Roman period
Most sacred image of Athena; ancient wooden statue
Olive tree that Athena created; where Poseidon struck Acropolis with Trident; on north porch of Erechtheion
IONIC columns
Olive tree actually planted in 1930s by American school of Archaeology
Porch of the Caryatids (Caryoti)
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Roof supported by 6 women
Thick hair to serve as support as the neck is the weakest part of the column
Athena Promachos
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Acropolis Reconstructed
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Colossal bronze statue located on Acropolis
Promach - one who fights in front of a battle; aggressive warrior
Monument; Battle of Marathon; thanking Athena for her support
Stands at rest, leans shield against her leg; spear is at rest
30 feet tall, doesn’t exist today
Soldiers brought to make sacrifice
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Acropolis reconstructed
Aristophanes and Ancient Greek Comedy
Comedian from Athens
40 plays; 11 extant
Recreated life of ancient Athens more than any other author
‘Old’ comedian - style associated with him; political (‘new’ comedy love)
Language is informal
Focuses on political problems in Athens
Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)
Spartans felt threatened by Athens’ increased power
No good side or bad side; Athenians allied mostly with the coast of the Aegean
20 years of fighting going on; this was a pacificist effort to stop the Peloponnesian war (sex strike)
Historical Judgements and Uses of Lysistrata
18th and 19th century versions had sections removed
Banned until 1967 in England
Regularly put on with enthusiasm today, usually in protest for ant-war movement
Lysistrata (an Athenian Woman)
Brings all sorts of women together
2 plots - young women (sex strike); old women (guard Acropolis); assumed that old women weren’t having sex with their husbands
Foreshadowing beautiful victory (Calonice)
Lys - to loosen, strata - to army
Lysistrata - one who loosens armys
Contrasts with usual portrayals of Greek women; prepared to take over and govern Athens
Aristophanes’ Comic Construction of Women
Women are unreliable and wine-crazed; love gossiping; only interested in material goods that will make them alluring
Love sex
Lampito (a Spartan Woman)
Summoned by Lysistrata; grammatically incorrect (to show that Athenians and Spartans speak different dialects of Greek)
Attractive and toned body; missing husbands and lovers
Embargo - no more dildos :(
Swear an oath over wine; if they break the oath, the wine becomes water
The first choral ode and its symbolism
Chorus split into 2 groups (12 and 12)
Men try to smoke the old women out of the Acropolis; fight ensues between 2 groups of women and the group of men
Men try to penetrate the citadel with logs (penis), women refuse access and put fires out with pitchers (vagina symbolism)
Fire mirrors the fiery passion of younger men
Magistrate (Proboulos)
1 of 10, responsible for responding to emergencies
Comes with police; refers to them as Huns, they are Scythians/foreign slaves (modern day Ukraine); complains about women’s’ character and behavior
Lysistrata’s women overpower the magistrate and tie him up, then dress him up as a woman
Weavers of cloth can run the state
Women Can Run Athens!
Working with wool is women’s work. reappropriates this knowledge to run political offices
Women are intelligent and can do anything men can do
Likens city’s problems to untangling wool; violence in suggestions to get rid of the ‘bozos’; includes people normally excluded (foreign workers, etc.)
Changes are striking
How seriously can we take this? Comedies can have very serious political messages; mouthpiece for important political ideals
Patriotism of the Men and of the Women
2 halves each have a leader that breaks out of the group
Women - tyranny that is favorable to the Spartans (regular accusation in classical Athens)
NOT TRUE; MEN ARE DELUSIONAL
Women say that they are the true patriots
Men and women both threaten each other
Melanion (Black)/Timon
Role models; Black not a bad guy, but name isn’t a reference to ethnicity either
Melanion - hated women; men reference him as a “smart fellow”
Women respond by talking about Timon of Athens
Man who hated men but appreciated company of women; “smart fellow”
Looking back at the past for exemplary figures
Sexual energy grows; both sides suffering without sex
Choral odes break up play into acts
Myrrhine/Myrtle and Rodney Balling
Myrrhine means Myrtle in English
Myrtle is a slang term for female genitalia
Rodney; Kinesias; Kin - to move sexually
Rodney brings their child; (younger women move to Acropolis)
Lysistrata’s plan is working; she teases Rodney
Athenian men are suffering
Costumes in Greek Comedies
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Non-erect penises as part of their costumes
Big stomach; used suits to make them look overweight
Masks designed to make them look silly
Aristophanes had men wearing erect penises
Spartan Herald
Report to Athens from Sparta
Terrible erection; Lampito got sex strike going in Sparta
Compliments Rodney; seem sexually interested in him
Pokes fun at Spartans engaging in same sex relationships with men of the same age (stereotyping)
Rodney tells herald to go back to Sparta to make a peace treaty
Reconciliation
Diallogue - Greek term for Reconciliation
Symbol; dialogue leads to more reconciliation
Portrayed by a beautiful women with a map of Greece on her skin; most likely played by a man, maybe played by an actual woman
Lysistrata suggests that Greeks should team up; Greeks don’t kill Greeks
Role-reversal
Women are sex-crazed and unreliable drunks at the beginning, but at the end, we see that they are anything but
Men are sex-crazed and unreliable
Comes full circle; sex-crazed and unreliability are present at beginning and end
Aristophanes’ Representation of the Spartans
Aristophanes stresses common humanity and human condition
War had been going for 20 years when this play came on stage
Spartan men depicted as eager to end the war; ‘the Spartans are really charming’
If Spartans had been portrayed as ‘bad guys’ it would have been one sided propaganda
Socrates and Plato
Socrates - teacher of Plato; cam from a working class family elaborate philosophical tales; gained a cult following; intellectual and religious aura about him; the rich and famous wanted to spend time with Socrates; urged people to practice philosophy; put to death by Athenians; many young Athenians became pro-Spartan (forced to drink hemlock)
Plato - spent a lot of time with Socrates; began writing dialogues based on Socrates’ dialogues; from a wealthy family in Athens
Platonic/Socratic Dialogue
People in conversation; Platonic - of Plato
Socratic- Socrates is main character (Plato is never a character)
Not a historical document; develops as though it was
Drinking party (416 BCE); 15 years into Peloponnesian War; written in 380 BCE
Eros (sexual desire/love)
Great theme; refers to sexual desire; Plato stretches meaning to love
Not only an abstract concept, is also a god
Platonic Love
Does not have a sexual component; ‘just friends’
Developed in Renaissance while reading Plato
Symposium (Drinking party)
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IMAGE ID - Symposia, men sitting on couches with tables for food, a woman plays an aulos; man to left of woman playing a drinking game -whirl dregs around and try to hit a target
More than a drinking party; had a whole room set aside in someone’s home (formal)
Two men to a couch, always leaned on left arm so their right hand was free for eating and drinking, each given a garland
Emphasized drinking and conversation AFTER dinner
Drank wine diluted with water, based on how drunk they wanted to get
Appointed a President of the Symposium, he made sure everyone drank the same amount of wine in the same amount of time
Sexual gratification was a possibility, also had actors, musicians, and games
Agathon and the occasion of Plato’s Symposium
Agathon was the host; young tragic poet; he had just won a contest and there was lots of drinking the night before
They decided on no President and they moved in an intellectual direction
Slaves in Agathon’s Home and the remarkability of Greek culture
House slave went to fetch Socrates; washed his hands and feet; also cooked and prepared meals
Complicit in the use of slave labor
Greeks were praised; didn’t have jobs, just rich
Used slave labor so they could lay about and think
They built on the exploitation of other to move culture production forward
Phaedrus’ Speech
Encomion (speech of praise) of Eros
Says that eros is an ancient/primordial god
Asserts that eros is a good thing, since when 2 people love each other, they are ashamed to do bad things in front of each other since they want to look good in the eyes of their person
Thus, eros is good, since it leads to more virtuous behavior
Erastes (lover)/Eromenos (beloved) relationship
Sexual desire
Erastes - desire; eromenos - one desired
Older man (30-50) and a younger man (12-14); older man for sexual gratification from younger man; older man interested in younger man’s education and making him a better person; but is also interested in the younger boy
Pausanias’ Speech
Biased bc he’s in an Erastes/Eromenos relationship with Agathon
Flawed exercise to give an encomion of eros bc eros is flawed
2 types of eros - Common and Celestial; associated with Aphrodite
Common - both men and women; focuses on the body; common people pursue common love
Celestial - boys and men, NOT girls and women
Advocates for Celestial love
Men don’t have sex with boys, but wait til they’re young men so they have time to grow their intellect; this leads to a lifelong relationship
Idealizes long-term homo relationships between men; has a sexual component, but it also has a ‘higher’ component
Eryximachus’ Speech
Doctor; ‘pompous and tedious’; asserts that eros pervades all living things
Abstract medical health theory, physical health - need the right balance of energies; harmony; erotic relationships unbalance bodies, but so does love that has highs and lows (temperate/moderate love)
Good health - good eros energy; bad health - bad eros energy
Aristophanes’ Speech
Easier to follow; says that humanity undervalues eros and that he should have temples and such; provides a myth
There were 3 genders - male, female, and androgynous; had 4 arms, 4 legs, 2 heads, etc.; circular and merged at the back
Powerful; attacked the gods; gods got angry and split them in half (made them less powerful)
After the cutting, each human is now searching for their other half
Couldn’t procreate, so Apollo switched our genitals around so we could reproduce
Idea of a soulmate; this myth was created by Plato, but attributed to Aristophanes as a character
Agathon’s Speech
Says that other men haven’t done a good job; says they’ve only talked about the benefits of eros but not eros himself
Asserts that he is the youngest of the gods (Phaedrus said he was a primordial god)
Says that love is sensitive and he lives in the softest environments (flowers, human hearts, etc.)
Says he is graceful, just, self-disciplined, wise, and courageous
Socrates’ Speech pt. 1
Criticizes other speakers; says eros is neither inherently beautiful or good; says he is desire; love for something (beauty maybe)
Temporal dimension - wants it to last
Tells the story of Diatoma (made up woman); she says men don’t get anything right about love; she taught Socrates about love
Eros parents, Plenty and Poverty, were at a birthday party; Plenty (male) got drunk and Poverty (female) wanted to have sex with him (she raped him); their child is eros
Argues that people love goodness rather than wholeness; ex - amputation, willing to get rid of something if it doesn’t work to pursue goodness
All humans instinctually desire to give birth; procreation is the closest we can get to immortality; we envy people like Homer and Hesiod, who have gained immortality through their work
Socrates’ Speech pt. 2: Diatoma’s Ladder
- Young man should develop love for a single person’s body and then reflect
- This leads him to appreciate physical beauty in numerous bodies (physical beauty isn’t special to just one person)
- Next, he must value mental beauty, even if that person lacks physical beauty
- Then, he should appreciate the beauty in human activities
- Then, he should appreciate the beauty in human institutions
- Lastly, this leads to an appreciation for the realm of the beautiful (aka Form of the Beautiful), understood abstractly
Plato’s Theory of Forms, Ideas, or Paradigms
Abstract theory; a thing that must exist to recognize beauty
Platonic form - thought construct, abstract concept
Believes that forms exist outside space and time; relating to numbers; would 2 exist if humans weren’t around?
Contemplation of beauty should be a common practice; he encourages people to meditate on beauty
Great spiritual power
Frames philosophy as a way of life - kind of like a religious organization
Alcibiades’ Speech
Drunken revel of people burst in (super-rich); he is an influential politician and notorious womanizer and partier
He arrives drunk, notices Socrates is present; they are both concerned that violence might arise; they invite Alcibiades to give a speech about love, gives a speech about Socrates instead
Socrates has a profound affect on Alcibiades; he is spell-bound and ashamed for not changing his way of life after meeting Socrates; awestruck by his wisdom he wants to shift to following philosophy
Tried to seduce Socrates; wanted to be closer with him (wanted to be the Eromenos to Socrates’ Erastes); they even wrestled naked
Socrates is famously ugly (pug/snub-nosed); paradox of being Socrates
Socrates is attracted to Alcibiades, but doesn’t act on his feelings bc he has moved up Diatoma’s Ladder
Socrates is a war hero, no on alive is like him
At the end of the night, Socrates, Aristophanes, and Agathon are awake (Socrates is trying to convince them that a comedic poet can write tragedies and vice versa); Socrates leaves and goes on with his day as if he had not been awake all night, then sleeps in the evening of the next day
Philip II of Macedon (382-336 BCE) and the Macedonians
Independent kingdom north of Greece; spoke Greek, but Greeks didn’t consider then Greek
Allowed to participate in Olympics after they proved their Greek heritage
Any one other than noble class looked down upon as non-Greeks
Philip had several wives; Olympia was the mother of Alexander the Great, she was from the state west of Macedonia
Philip also changed the hoplite armor and weaponry
Macedonian Soldier
Lighter shields and body armor; didn’t carry the 6 ft spear of the Greek Hoplite, instead, carried a 20 ft sarissa (pike)
Troops formed a phalanx - body of troops standing in close formation
Very well trained; they extended the empire
The Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE)
Philip and Macedonians entered Greece here; Thebans and Athenians faced them
1,000 Athenians died; Alexander faced the Athenians too (only 18 years old)
This battle marks the end of the autonomous Greek city-states
The Classical Age (480-338 BCE)
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This age ends with the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE
Philip planned to unite Greeks under his control against Persians (League of Corinth)
Philip was killed
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Alexander the “Great” (356-323 BCE) and the Macedonian Conquest of the East
334 BCE - in control, lead invasion of Persia; own control of the Persian empire with multiple battles (don’t need to know the names)
Theios Aner (‘Divine Man’)
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Alexander began to refer to himself as a son of Zeus; took pains to paint himself as a god
Defeated Persian king for a second time
IMAGE ID - the Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Fawn, Pompeii; Alexander is the furthest left; center right is Darius III (Persian king)
Good evidence for how Alexander took on divine status
Last battle Alexander waged against the Persians before taking control (the Battle of Gaugamela; then marched to Babylon)
The Hellenistic Age (323-31 BCE)
Means the ‘Greek Age’
Started with the death of Alexander the Great
Greek culture was spread around by the Ptolemies
The Ptolemies (The Ptolemaic Dynasty)
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Of Macedonian blood; focused on Egypt; capitol in Alexandria (in Egypt)
Ptolemy I - bodyguard for Alexander
Connected rulership with Egyptian pharaohs; traditional Egyptian iconography
IMAGE ID - Ptolemy I as Egyptian Pharaoh
Favored Egyptian religious practices; would make the people more comfortable with Greek overlords
The Seleucids (The Seleucid Dynasty)
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Centered at Babylon; west Asian empire; huge
Known for trade and taxation; used religion to keep control over people
Numerous nationalities and languages
Annexed into Roman Empire
IMAGE ID - Selukos I, Nikator (the Conqueror) (c. 358-281 BCE)
Macedonian, moved empire to Syria and India
The Attalids (The Attalid Dynasty)
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Center at Pergamon; famous for being a cultural powerhouse, and famous for sculptures
IMAGE ID - The stoa of Attalos at Athens
Roofed colonade; respite from the elements
Stoics met at Stoas to discuss philosophy
133 BCE gave dynasty to Rome
Romans in Greece and the Battle of Actium (31 BCE)
Classical Age comes before Roman Age, but the Romans were around before this
Roman power grew, Greece came under Roman control in 1st and 2nd century BCE
Battle of Actium in 31 BCE ends the Hellenistic Age
Hellenistic Age (338-31 BCE)
Power shifts from Octavian to Augustus (Macedonian Ptolemaic Dynasty)
Marc Anthony was in a relationship with Cleopatra VII; Octavian defeats Anthony and Cleopatra, but was not sympathetic towards Ptolemaic dynasty
Roman Imperial Greece
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Greece controlled by the Romans/Roman Empire
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Bronze Age - Minoan and Mycenaean Civilization (3000-1150 BCE)
Iron/Dark Age - Political, cultural, and economic decline (1150-800 BCE)
Archaic Age - Renaissance of Greek civilization (800-480 BCE)
Classical Age - Core period of Greek classical civilization (480-338 BCE)
Hellenistic Age - Paradigm shift away from autonomous city-states (338-31BCE)
Roman Imperial Greece - Greece controlled by Romans (31 BCE -c. 300 CE)
Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe
2 young lovers in a rural community; both families herdsmen
Pastoral literature; pastor - shepherd (don’t understand love)
‘Timeless and universal’; coming of age, sexual desire, love and longing, and partnership that ends in marriage
1 and a half year long span
Don’t know anything about Longus; only call the author Longus bc that’s what’s on the title page
Takes place on the island of Lesbos (N.E. Aegean Sea), in Mytilene and Methymna; references Sappho; set in the Classical Age
Preface and Ekphrasis
Narrator introduces himself; tells us he’s going to describe a painting he saw in a grove of nymphs
Ekphrasis - literary description of a work of material art
Painting probably never existed; story is probably made up
The story is a description of rural life; peasants/herdsmen on Lesbos working on an estate near Mytilene
Lamon and Myrtale
Lamon - goatherd; tough old laborer
Myrtale - (his wife) works in the home
They are punished if they don’t take good care of the farm and its animals
Lamon finds a baby boy surrounded by valuables being suckled by a she-goat; takes baby, goat, and valuables home (but hesitates before doing so)
Raises baby as their own, gives him a country name
Daphnis - laurel tree
Exposure
Abandoning unwanted children was common (called exposure)
Hope that it would be found, but it would probably die
Both Daphnis and Chloe are exposed children
Rearing of children by animals is a folk-tale motif
Dryas and Nape
Dryas - shepherd
Nape - his wife
Dryas is herding his sheep, one keeps running away, finds her suckling a baby girl
Accompanied by valuable goods (again); takes the baby, sheep, and goods home (doesn’t hesitate like Lamon)
They keep the baby and give her a country name; Chloe - first green shoots of plant life
Eros/Love in Daphnis and Chloe
Story of Daphnis and Chloe jumps forward in time; instead of babies, they are not 15 (D) and 13 (C)
Lamon and Dryas have the same dream; a boy with arrows; says that Daphnis and Chloe will be shepherds; this is disappointing (they wanted better for Daphnis and Chloe bc of the valuable goods that were found with them)
Child is Eros/Love and he works to make Daphnis and Chloe fall in love
Love Sickness/The Symptoms of Love
Chloe has sexual awakening while watching Daphnis bathing due to falling into a hole
She’s sick, but she doesn’t know what with; in pain, unhappy, sleepless, on fire (Sappho imagery)
First kiss between Daphnis and Chloe leaves Daphnis thinking he has an unheard of ailment, he is sad and withering
Dorcon is interested in Chloe, and has given her gifts, but she only has eyes for Daphnis
Dorcon plans to rape Chloe, fails; then Daphnis is taken by pirates
Dorcon dies, gives Chloe his pipes to call the cows and she saves the day
Philetas, as teacher of love
Old man, has a report for the country folk; he found a young boy playing in his garden; he tries to catch the boy, but he escapes
Philetas starts to feel desire for the boy and asks for a kiss
The boy is Eros/Love, and he explains that Daphnis and Chloe are of his (love) concern; he tells Philetas about love and the symptoms of love; Philetas then tells Daphnis and Chloe; uses example of him (Philetas) and Amaryllis; Sappo-like imagery
They have never heard the name of love before and are dazed and confused
They realize they are feeling love for each other
Chloe is taken away from the community by the angry Methymnaeans, but Pan then reunited her with Daphnis
Imaging the joys of rural life
Longus was probably an urbanite and he wrote for urbanites
This is an idealization rural life; switches to a rustic symposium/banquet; Philetas comes and Lamon tells a story about how pan pipes were made
Philetas gives a ‘virtuoso’ performance on them; dryas gives a mimetic dance that is very lifelike, he mimics the steps of work in the vintage (making wine)
Daphnis and Chloe then create a mimetic dance about Pan and Syrinx; Pan (Daphnis) chases Syrinx (Chloe) around
Surviving the Winter
Everyone is shut up in their houses; Daphnis and Chloe can’t see each other
Daphnis uses the ruse of bird hunting to go to Chloe’s neighborhood; Dryas sees Daphnis and invites him in; the lovers nearly collapse from joy upon seeing each other
Dryas invites Daphnis to stay the night
The next day, Daphnis and Chloe to bird hunting together and have a dialogue; very passionate, they reassure one another
They are reunited in the spring
Chromis and Lycaenion
Chromis -farmer; Lycaenion - young wife
Lycaenion wants to sleep with Daphnis
Daphnis and Chloe can’t/don’t know how to satisfy sexual desire
Lycaenion sees it as teaching Daphnis how to have sex; she gets him alone and has sex with him
Daphnis wants to have sex with Chloe, but Lycaenion tells him it will hurt for Chloe
Daphnis is no longer a virgin, and does not tell Chloe what he did with Lycaenion
Chloe and Marriage
Chloe has multiple rich suitors (wealthier peasants); Nape wants her married
Chloe doesn’t want to tell Daphnis, but she does anyway, he cries
Daphnis starts to see himself as a viable husband, but doesn’t have any money to win her father over
Prays to nymphs in the cave; they tell him where to get 3,000 drachmae
More than suitable gift and Dryas is won over
But, Lamon needs to ask the master for permission
He tells them that they are essentially husband and wife, they engage in heavy PDA
Word comes that the master is arriving and it makes the slaves uneasy
Lampis
Cowherd, also a suitor for Chloe
Doesn’t want Chloe and Daphnis married; decides to destroy Lamon’s garden
Lamon is distraught and fears punishment
Astylus and Gnathon
Astylus - son of Dionysophanes, and he wants to hunt; Astylus means urbanite; city boy that lives for pleasure; sees hunting as a novelty
Gnathon - comedic character; name means ‘jaw’; glutton who loves to eat, drink, and have sex; likes fancy food and fancy living
Interested in Daphnis and attempts sexual assault, but Daphnis pushes him down; Gnathon expresses his love for Daphnis to Astylus
Dionysophanes and Cleariste
Dionysophanes is the master and Cleariste is his wife
Lamon tells Dionysophanes how he found Daphnis; Dionysophanes realizes that Daphnis is his son; left him outside bc he was an unnecessary financial burden bc he had so many kids, but now all but one child is dead, so he takes Daphnis back
Chloe is afraid that Daphnis won’t want her anymore; Daphnis is distraught but takes no action; Gnathon tries to woo Daphnis
Dionysophanes takes Chloes’ grave goods back to the city
Magacles and Rhoda
Megacles - ‘great glory’; recognizes valuable grave goods; financially overburdened by city expenses (supposed to be comedic bc he is so rich), so he left Chloe to exposure; he is happy to have Chloe back and agrees to let her marry Daphnis
The novel ends with them marrying and have a country wedding, but they don’t want to change their lifestyle; they continue to herd animals
Have sex after marriage, and have 2 kids - one boy and one girl, boy suckled by goat, and girl suckled by sheep; give both of them country names
