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Erosion and deposition Flashcards

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0
Q

the laying down or settling of eroded materials

A

deposition

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1
Q

the moving of weathered materials or sediment, from one location to another

A

erosion

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2
Q

a board, C-shape curve in a stream

A

meander

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3
Q

a current that flows parallel to the shoreline

A

longshore current

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4
Q

a large deposit of sediment that forms where a stream eneters a large body of water

A

delta

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5
Q

the grinding away of rock or other surfaces as a particles carried by wind, water, or ice scrape against them

A

abrasion

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6
Q

a pile of windblown sand

A

dune

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7
Q

a crumblly, windblown deposit of silt and clay

A

loess

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8
Q

the downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil due to gravity

A

mass wasting

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9
Q

rapid, downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders

A

landslide

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10
Q

a pile of angular rocks and sediment from a rockfall

A

talus

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11
Q

a large mass on ice formed by snow accumulation on land, that moves slowly across earth’s surface

A

glacier

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12
Q

a mixture of various sizes of sediment that has been deposited by a glacier

A

till

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13
Q

a mound or ridge of unsorted sediment deposited by a glacier

A

moraine

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14
Q

layered sediment deposited by streams of water that flow from a glacier

A

outwash

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15
Q

Whatglacial features are indicated by the labels C and D on the figure? C and D are large mounds of sediments.

A

Moraine

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16
Q

Rounded?

A

no jagged edges- due to abrasion

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17
Q

Un-sorted? Sorted?

A

sorted- large and small

unsorted- mixture of all sizes

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18
Q

When mass wasting occurs at a slow pace, what ter, is applied?

A

creep

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19
Q

Which element of nature is the dominant cause of mass wasting?

A

gravity

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20
Q

Landslides may cause homes to slide into valleys. What type of event is a landslide?

A

mass wasting

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21
Q

What is the relative age of a stream with deposition of point bar and erosion of cutbank?

A

old

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22
Q

What type of current flows parallel to the shoreline in a lake or ocean?

A

longshore current

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23
Q

Abrasion refers to which method of erosion of rock?

A

grinding away of rock by particles carried by the wind, water, or ice

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24
Q

What is one of the things farmers can do to help manage erosion of farmland?

A

leave fields unplowed after harvesting crops

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25
Q

____ are formed when sediment accumulates in large amounts at the mouth of a river.

A

delta

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26
Q

What causes dunes to form?

A

wind

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27
Q

Surface processes that work to break down rock are called?

A

weathering

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28
Q

How does wind abrasion work?

A

wind blown sediments strike a surface

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29
Q

What characteristics describe a young stream?

A

it flows quickly through a steep valley

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30
Q

Creeps and mudflows are two types of _____

A

mass wasting

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31
Q

Vegetation affects runoff by _____ water

A

slowing down

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32
Q

_____ are built in an attempt to prevent flooding.

A

dams and levees

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33
Q

Gravity, ice, wind, and water are agents that can cause _____

A

Erosion

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34
Q

Which term refers to conditions that cause breakdown in rock?

A

weathering agents

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35
Q

What landform is created by glacial erosion?

A

U- shaped valleys

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36
Q

What term is given to the transportation of weathered materials from one area to another?

A

erosion

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37
Q

Why are weathering and erosion important for farmers and ranchers to understand?

A

Farmers and ranchers depend on soil to grow crops and plants for grazing.

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38
Q

What are characteristics of young streams?

A

rushing water washing out soil and rock to form V-shaped valleys

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39
Q

What type of deposition is responsible for the formation of stalactites and stalagmites in caverns?

A

groundwater deposition

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40
Q

What land use practice may help control mass wasting?

A

planting trees and grass to hold soil

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41
Q

What is a floodplain?

A

a floodplain is a wide, flat area located next to a river

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42
Q

What is the difference between glacial till and outwash?

A

Till is unsorted materials at the front of a glacier. Outwash is sorted and washed away from the glacier.

43
Q

Is water dissolving materials out of rock an example of chemical or mechanical weathering?

A

chemical

44
Q

How do slump and creep differ?

A

The speed at which the movement of the soil takes place

45
Q

How do chemical and mechanical weathering differ?

A

mechanical weathering occurs when rocks are broken by physical processes, and chemical weathering occurs when chemical reactions dissovle minerals.

46
Q

Different Ways a Rock is Weathered

A

Mechanical- abrasion, water, any processs where the rock isn’t chemically altered
Chemical- chemically alters rocks,

47
Q

Causes of physical and chemical weathering

A

Physical- when things break apart because they were bumping into each other
Chemical- when the chemical makeup of the rock is altered

48
Q

Know the causes of ice wedging

A

when water seeps into a rock and then freezes. When it freezes it expands causing the rock to break apart. when the ice melts the crack is left and the rock then breaks apart

49
Q

Know the causes of wind abrasion.

A

wind abrasion- when a rock or sediment is carried through the air and hits a rock formation. parts of the rock formation might begin to chip off

50
Q

How is humus is formed?

A

Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays. When plants drop leaves, twigs, and other material to the ground, it piles up. This material is called leaf litter. When animals die, their remains add to the litter.

51
Q

It can take a long time for soil to form. Which are the primary factors that affect soil formation?

A

Climate, parent rock, topography, living things, and time

52
Q

Which term describes the ability soil has to support plant growth?

A

Fertility

53
Q 
Which of the following typically results from abrasion of a rock?
A.) a change in size
B.) deposition of sediments
C.) a different surface color
D.) movement to a new location
A

A

54
Q

What happens to a rock when it is weathered?

A

It is broken into smaller pieces.

55
Q

What can cause granite to break down into soil over time?

A

Rain and wind

56
Q

Which are the main causes of crack growth in rocks over time?

A

Plant roots and ice wedging

57
Q

Which is a cause of chemical weathering?

A

Oxygen

58
Q

Leaves release acids into the soil as they decay. How could the decaying leaves affect the rocks in the soil underneath them?

A

They could increase the amount of chemical weathering.

59
Q

What often happens to rocks that undergo chemical weathering?

A

They crumble more easily

60
Q

Which of the following describes how microorganisms influence the chemical characteristics of soil?

A

They add organic material to the soil by breaking down the remains of plants and animals.

61
Q

How does an alluvial fan form?

A

often forms where a stream flows from a steep, narrow canyon onto a flat plain at the foot of a mountain

62
Q

How does a sinkhole form?

A

Underground caves- things are weathered- concrete caves in

63
Q

How do continental glaciers form?

A

I think they form when water freezes.

64
Q

How do alpine glaciers form?

A

Frozen water in mountain

65
Q

The mechanical and chemical processes that change objects on Earth’s surface over time

A

Weathering

66
Q

physical processes naturally break rocks into smaller pieces

A

Mechanical weathering

67
Q

changes the materials that are part of a rock into new materials

A

Chemical

68
Q

combines the element oxygen with other elements or molecules

A

Oxidation

69
Q

a mixture of weathered rock, rock fragments, decayed organic matter, water, and air.

A

Soil

70
Q

the remains of something that was once alive

A

Organic matter

71
Q

The amounts of water and air vary in the small holes and spaces in soil. These small holes and spaces

A

Pores

72
Q

the process of changing once-living material into dark-colored organic matter

A

Decomposition

73
Q

materials that have never been alive

A

Inorganic

74
Q

starting material of soil

A

Parent materials

75
Q

average weather of an area

A

Climate

76
Q

the shape and steepness of the landscape

A

Topography

77
Q

All of the organisms that live in a region

A

Biota

78
Q

layers of soil formed from the movement of the products of weathering

A

Horizons

79
Q

A sharp peak formed when several glaciers decend from the top of the same mountain

A

Horn

80
Q

Is a sharp ridge of rock formed between two glaciers

A

Arête

81
Q

Semicircular hollow that formed by glacial erosion

A

Cirque

82
Q

When smaller glaciers at a higher elevation approaches a large valley carved by a much larger glacier

A

Hanging valley

83
Q

As a glacier moves through a valley it carries away the land, leaving behind a distinctive ________

A

U- shaped valley

84
Q

A clay-rich soil has a slippery __________ when it is wet.

A

consistency

85
Q

A soil that is rich in organic matter has a high ______________ than a soil that has a great deal of inorganic matter.

A

fertility

86
Q

Soils in humid climates can have a lower ________________ than soils in drier climates.

A

pH

87
Q

A soil that has a sandy _________ feels gritty when it is rubbed between your fingers.

A

infiltration

88
Q

Which one has the greatest amount of pore space- a sandy soil, a silty soil, or a clay-rich soil? Explain.

A

A sandy soil has the greatest amount of pore space because sand particles are much larger than silt or clay particles. Being larger, they are not as tightly packed, leaving bigger spaces between spaces between the grains.

89
Q

The shaking from an earthquake can cause ___________ to occur on hillsides.

A

mass wasting

90
Q

A hill with a(n) ______________slope is most likely to experience mass wasting.

A

steep

91
Q

The erosion of an alpine glacier produces a(n) _________ -shaped valley.

A

u

92
Q

A pile of angular rocks and sediment from a rockfall is called ________.

A

talus

93
Q

Contrast a rockfall and slump.

A

In a rockfall, a large number of rock tumble individually down a slope. In slump, the rocks or sediment move downhill as a large mass.

94
Q

Describe how a moraine forms.

A

A moraine forms as a glacier melts and retreats. The sediment at the edge of the glacier is then deposited in ridge like formation.

95
Q

Differentiate the two types of glaciers.

A

Alpine glaciers form in mountains. Ice sheets cover large areas of land and move outward from central locations.

96
Q

Explain how the speed at which erosion takes place affects the sorting of sediment.

A

Conditions that move sediment extensively, such as strong wind or waves, often cause sediment often results from rapid transportation, perhaps by a sotr, a flash flood, or a volcanic eruption. Sediment left at the edge of glaciers is also poorly sorted.

97
Q

Describe how a hoodoo forms.

A

A hoodoo forms over time as water and ice erode less-resistant areas of sedimentary rock and leave more-resistant areas of the rock behind.

98
Q

Removing vegetation from a slope ____________ the erosion of topsoil.

A

increases

99
Q

Mature streams often flow in C-shaped curves called __________.

A

meanders

100
Q

Some caves form acidic groundwater _________ layers of limestone.

A

dissolves (or erodes)

101
Q

__________ currents move sediment parallel to the shore.

A

longshore

102
Q

A large deposit of sediment that forms where a stream enters a large body of water is a(n) ____________.

A

delta

103
Q

A(n) ________ is a column like mineral deposit that builds upward from a cave floor.

A

stalagmite

104
Q

State how a loess forms.

A

First, a glacier melts and leaves a deposit of fine, sediment called silt behind. Then strong winds carry the silt and leave it in a different location as a loess deposit.

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