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REPRO > Erection and Ejaculation > Flashcards

Erection and Ejaculation Flashcards

1
Q

A castrated bull is a ……………

A

Steer

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2
Q

A castrated ram is a …………….

A

wether

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3
Q

A castrated boar is a ……………..

A

barrow

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4
Q

A castrated rooster is a ………….

A

capon

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5
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A

Originates at the ischal arch and inserts on the root of the penis to force blood into the corpus cavernosum and spongiosum, intermittent contractions causes pump like action at the base of the penis.

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6
Q

What is the function and origin of the retractor penis muscle?

A

Paired retractor penis muscle which originates at the caudal vertebrae and inserts on the sigmoid flexure (ruminants/pig) or distal penis and allows retraction and protrusion of the penis

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7
Q

What is pre-copulatory behaviour?

A 
Search for sexual behaviour 
Courtship 
Sexual arousal 
Erection 
Penile protrusion
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8
Q

What lines the erectile tissue?

A

Erectile tissue is surrounded by a heavy capsule of varying thickness called the tunica albuginea, connective tissue trabeculae penetrate the erectile tissue and break up the space into sinusoids ad are lined by endothelium.

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9
Q

What prevents venous return?

A

Blood pressure increases markedly in the cavernous tissue as engorgement of corpus cavernous tissue causes a blockage of the oblique veins.

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10
Q

How does nervous stimulation bring on an errection?

A

Adrenergic nerves secrete norepinephrine and this causes vasoconstriction of the helicine arteries.
Erection is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system which inhibits (relaxes) the longitudinal muscle fibres in the helicine arteries, this allows blood to flow into the central sinusoids causing swelling and compression of the oblique veins (which further increases swelling)

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11
Q

In the dog, where does the corpus cavernosum stop and what is it replaced by?

A

The corpus cavernosum in the dog stops at around the Os penis, bulbis glandis and pars glandis (in the glans penis) are extensions of the corpus spongiosum.

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12
Q

What is the erection mechanism in the dog?

A

Contraction of the ischiourethral muscles causes limited outflow from the penis and this is stimulated by contraction of the constrictor vestibulae muscle of the female, so erection doesn’t occur until after intromission.

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13
Q

What is the principle neurotransmitter that drives the erection process?

A

Nitric oxide

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14
Q

How does parasympathetic nerve stimulation cause an erection?

A

Parasympathetic nerve innervates helcine arteries and their nerve terminals release nitric oxide. NO stimulates Guanylate cyclase to convert Guanylate triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)
cGMP then causes smooth muscle of helicine arteries to relax so that sinuses engorge and Intracorporal pressure increases.

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15
Q

What happens to the cGMP when the erection needs to become flaccid?

A

cGMP is then broken down to GTP by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and this is how Viagra (sildenafil) works by blocking the action of PDE5

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16
Q

How does the erection in the ram, bull and boar differ?

A

They have fibroelastic penis’
Contain much fibrous tissue so do not permit much expansion in diameter during erection
Length increased by straightening of sigmoid flexure as a result of relaxation of retractor penis m.
Blood pressure greatly increased to c. 600mm.Hg

17
Q

What causes ejaculation?

A

Stimulation of the glans penis (pressure and temperature) via the internal pudendal nerve to the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord
Causes reflex innervation of the Urethralis muscle (bulbospongious) and Ischiocavernosus

18
Q

Describe stallion ejaculation

A

Stallion produces a series of jets
Sperm rich fraction ejaculated in 3 to 4 squirts
Last 5 to 8 squirts are at lower pressure + less sperm

19
Q

Describe boar ejaculation

A

Boar (series of seminal fractions)
First fraction: accessory fluids + few sperm
2nd fraction: rich in spermatozoa
Final fraction: thick coagulum

20
Q

Describe dog ejactulation

A

Dog (3 fractions)
Pre-sperm fraction from prostate
Sperm rich fraction
Then a prostate derived fraction delivered with greater force

21
Q

What causes the loss of erection?

A

Sympathetic tone takes over and the helicine arteries close, blood flows out of sinusoids and erection subsides slowly.

22
Q

Which species ejaculate into the uterus and which ejaculate into the vagina?

A

Bull, Ram, dog and cat are vagina

Stallion and boar are uterus

23
Q

What are the sites of AI sperm deposition in the species?

A

Bull, boar and stallion: Uterus
Ram (fresh): Cervix Ram (frozen): uterus
Dog and cat (fresh): vagina (frozen: Uterus

24
Q

Where does the sympathetic innervation to the penis come from?

A

Sympathetic supply comes from hypogastric so injury in the pelvic region

25
Q

What is priapism and paraphimosis?

A

injury in the pelvic region may result in semi permanent erection (priapism) and penis won’t go back in prepuce (paraphimosis)

26
Q

Where are many microorganisms found on the penis?

A

In the smegma sheath and these may be transmitted at mating (venereal-transmission)

27
Q

Name some venereal pathogens of dogs

A

Brucella canis (not present in UK) and Canine herpesvirus 1

28
Q

Name some venereal pathogens of cattle

A 
All affect female fertility:
Bovine herpesvirus 1 
Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis
Chlamydophila abortus
Leptospira interrogans serovars
Mycoplasma bovigenitalium
Ureoplasma diversion
Blue tongue survives in seminal plasma
29
Q

Name some venereal pathogens of horses

A

Equine herpesvirus 3 – causes infertility
Equine viral arteritis virus- causes infertility
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Taylorella equigenitalis- associated with equine metritis

30
Q

Name some venereal pathogens of sheep

A

Brucella ovis

Chlamydophila abortus

31
Q

Name some venereal pathogens of pigs

A

Brucella suis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus
Porcine herpesvirus 1
Porcine parvovirus

32
Q

How long do bulls carry campylobacter fetus? What are the implications?

A

Bulls carry infection for life with no clinical signs or effect on semen quality
Contaminated semen (mating, AI) results in uterine infection and devastating infertility or early pregnancy loss
Some immunity develops in the herd
Bulls can be cross-contaminated by sharing bedding

33
Q

How is campylobacter fetus detected?

A

Identification of the organism in preputial washings
Direct smears, culture or fluorescent antibody testing
Vaginal mucus agglutination test of cows

34
Q

What is the treatment for campylobacter fetus?

A

Transmission is venereal and bulls will remain permanently infected (however cows can become immune)
Testing and removal and Possible treatment of bulls with appropriate antibiotic
Vaccination of cows prior to breeding

35
Q

What is the incidence of Haemophilus somnus and what are its symptoms?

A

Organism found in up to 30% of normal cows and 80% of normal bulls
In cows may cause vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis and abortion and in bulls it is normally asymptomatic but may cause epididymitis and testicular degeneration

REPRO (30 decks)

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