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ERAU Flashcards

1
Q

What is a light twin?

A

a small multi‐engine airplane with a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 6,000 pounds or less.

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2
Q

What is Vsse?

A

Safe,intentionalone‐engine inoperativespeed.Originallyknownassafesingle enginespeed,itistheminimumspeedtointentionallyrenderthecriticalengine
inoperative

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3
Q

What is Vmc?

A

Minimumcontrolspeedwiththecriticalengineinoperative.Theminimumspeedat
whichdirectionalcontrolcanbemaintainedunderaveryspecificsetofcircumstances
outlinedin14CFRPart23,AirworthinessStandards

Markedwitharedradiallineonmostairspeedindicators.
• VMConlyaddressesdirectionalcontrol.Thereisnorequirementthattheairplanebe
capableofclimbingatthisairspeed.

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4
Q

What does the blue radial mark on the AS indicator?

A

Vyse

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5
Q

What is accelerate stop distance?

A

therunwaylengthrequiredtoacceleratetoaspecifiedspeed
(eitherVRorVLOF,asspecifiedbythemanufacturer),experienceanenginefailure,and
bringtheairplanetoacompletestop.

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6
Q

What is accelerate go distance?

A

Thehorizontaldistancerequiredtocontinuethetakeoffand
climbto50’AGL.,assuminganenginefailureoccursatVRorVLOF,asspecifiedbythe
manufacturer

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7
Q

What will yield minimum rate of sink if below absolute ceiling?

A

Vyse

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8
Q

What are the requirements for an aircraft with a weight under 6000 pounds and a Vso of 61 or less?

A

Thesingle‐enginerateofclimbat5,000’MSLmustsimplybedeterminedwiththe—

  1. Criticalengineinoperativeanditspropellerintheminimumdragposition
  2. Remainingengine(s)atnomorethanmaximumcontinuouspower
  3. Landinggearretracted
  4. Wingflapsretracted
  5. Climbspeednotlessthan1.2VS1

Can be negative

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9
Q

What are the requirements for an aircraft with a weight over 6000 pounds or a Vso of 61 or more?

A

maintainasteadyclimbgradientofatleast1.5percent
atapressurealtitudeof5,000ft.withthe—
1. Criticalengineinoperativeanditspropellerintheminimumdragposition
2. Remainingengine(s)atnomorethanmaximumcontinuouspower
3. Landinggearretracted
4. Wingflapsretracted
5. Climbspeednotlessthan1.2VS1

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10
Q

What happens when an engine fails to the aircraft?

A

AsymmetricalthrustwillcauseayawingmomentaroundtheC.G.towardsthe
inoperativeengine

Theyawingmomentfromabovewillcausethewingwiththeoperating
enginetomovefasterthroughtheairastheairplaneyaws.Thiscausesafaster
velocityofairoverthewingwiththeoperativeenginemeaningmoreliftonthat
wingandresultsinarolltowardstheinoperativeengine.

–Inducedflow(acceleratedslipstream)overthewingfromtheoperating
engineandlackofinducedflow(acceleratedslipstream)overtheinoperative
enginecausesasymmetricalliftonthewings,resultinginarollingmomentaround
theC.G.towardstheinoperativeengine

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11
Q

Which engine is critical in a conventional twin?

A

Left

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12
Q

What are the four factors that determine that the left engine is critical?

A

P-factor
Accelerated slipstream
Spiraling slipstream
Torque

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13
Q

Why does P-factor make the left engine critical?

A

P‐factoriswherethedescendingpropellerbladecreatesmorethrustthanthe
ascendingblade.Thiscausesasymmetricalthrustoneachsideofthepropeller.Tofigure
outtheeffectontheairplane,theformulaTHRUSTxArm=Momentcanbeused.This
meansthatthelongerthearmfromtheC.G.tothethrust,thelargertheyawingmoment
willbe.

Becausethedescendingpropellerbladeontherightwingenginehasalongerarm(A2)
thanthedescendingpropellerbladeontheleftwingengine(A1),theairplanewillhavea
greateryawingmomenttotheleftiftheleftenginefailsthaniftherightenginefails.

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14
Q

Why does accelerated slipstream make the left engine critical?

A

Thepropellerswillaccelerateairoverthewings.Morelift
isproducedwherethepropellersacceleratetheairoverthewing.JustasP‐factorcauses
asymmetricalthrustforward,italsoproducesthesameeffectintheasymmetricalairflow
behindthepropeller.

Whenoneenginefails,theacceleratedslipstreamcausesarolltowardstheinoperative
engine.TofigureouttheeffectontheairplanetheformulaLIFTxArm=Momentcan
beused.JustlikeP‐factor,thearmtotherightengineislongerthanthearmtotheleft
engine.Thismeansthatiftheleftenginefails,therollmomentwillbegreatertotheleft
thaniftherightenginefails

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15
Q

Why does torque make the left engine critical?

A

Astheengineandpropellerrotateinonedirection,they,inturn,trytorotate
theairplaneintheotherdirection.ThisisduetoNewton’sthirdlawwhichstates,“For
everyactionthereisanequalandoppositereaction.”Thisforcealsoactswhenanengine
failsbecausethereisstillasecondoperatingengine

Iftheleftenginefails,theyawingmomentfromtherightengine(thrust)andthetotal
torquewillbothworktogethertoyawandrolltheairplanetotheleft.

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16
Q

What does spiraling slipstream make left critical?

A

Iftheleftenginefailsthespiralslipstreamwillnothitthetailatall,resultinginno
additionalyawingforce.Iftherightenginefailsthespiralslipstreamwillhittheleftsideof
thetailcausingayawtotheleftintheoppositedirectionoftheyawtotherightcausedby
thefailedengine.Thisyawfromthespiralslipstreamwillhelpopposetheyawfromthe
failedengine

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17
Q

What is Vmc?

A

Asairspeedisdecreased,therudderbecomeslesseffective.Therefore,morerudder
deflectionwillberequiredtomaintaindirectionalcontrol.Eventually,anairspeedwillbe
reachedwherefullrudderdeflectionwillberequiredtomaintaindirectionalcontrol.At
thispoint,anyfurtherdecreaseinairspeedwillleadtolossofdirectionalcontrol.Itisthis
airspeedatwhichtheairplanereachesVMC

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18
Q

What is Vmc technically?

A

Minimumcontrolspeedwiththecriticalengineinoperative.
2. Theminimumspeedatwhichdirectionalcontrolcanbemaintainedunderavery
specificsetofcircumstancesasoutlinedin14CFRPart23.

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19
Q

What factors are meet when determining Vmc based on 23.149?

A

. Mostunfavorableweight‐(notnecessarilymaximumgrossweight)

  1. Mostunfavorablecenterofgravityposition
  2. Theairplaneairborneandthegroundeffectnegligible
  3. Maximumavailabletakeoffpowerinitiallyoneachengine
  4. Theairplanetrimmedfortakeoff
  5. Flapsinthetakeoffposition
  6. Landinggearretracted
  7. Allpropellercontrolsintherecommendedtakeoffposition.
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20
Q

What must be meet when recovering from Vmc?

A

Therudderpedalforcerequiredtomaintaincontrolmustnotexceed150pounds.

  1. Itmustnotbenecessarytoreducepoweroftheoperativeengine(s).
  2. Theairplanemustnotassumeanydangerousattitude.
  3. Itmustbepossibletopreventaheadingchangeofmorethan20degrees.
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21
Q

What are four ways to recognize vmc?

A

Loss of directional control
Stall warning horn
Buffeting before stall
Rapid decay of control effectiveness

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22
Q

What two things are done to recover from Vmc?

A 
Reduce power (reducing asymmetrical thrust)
Pitch down (Increase forward airspeed making rudder more effective)
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23
Q

Why does Vmc decrease with density altitude?

A

sduetothefactthatasdensityaltitude
increasesenginepowerwilldecrease.Thedecreaseinenginepowerresultsinless
asymmetricalthrust,meaningtheyawingfromafailedenginewillbeless

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24
Q

What happens to stall speed with density altitude?

A

It remains constant

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25
Q

Due to the changes in Vmc and stall speeds what will happen at higher altitudes?

A

A stall will happen before yaw making it difficult to recover from

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26
Q

What are two things that will cause Vmc to decrease?

A

Anything that will move CG forward

Anything allowing less rudder to be used

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27
Q

How does power affect Vmc?

A

Themorepower(thrust)ontheoperatingengine,themorerudderisneededtostopthe
resultingyaw.Usingmorerudderleaveslessavailabletothepilot=VMCspeedincreasesas
powerontheoperatingengineisincreased

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28
Q

How does density altitude increase Vmc?

A

Asdensityaltitudeincreases,temperatureincreases,pressuredecreases,and/orhumidity
increasestheoutputoftheengineorthrustcreatedbytheenginedecreases.Theless
thrustthatiscreated,thelessrudderinputneededtoopposetheyaw.

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29
Q

How does CG location affect Vmc?

A

TheC.G.locationchangesthelengthofthearmtotherudder:thelongerthearm,themore
effectivetherudder;themoreeffectivetherudder,thelowerVMC.AstheC.G.moves
forward,VMCdecreases;astheC.G.movesaft,VMCincreases

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30
Q

How does gear postion affect Vmc?

A

Keel, stabilizing effect
Also moves CG fo forward with nose gear moving forward

(POH says gear and fuel burn do not significantly affect Vmc)

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31
Q

What affect will a windmilling prop have on Vmc?

A

Awindmillingpropellercreatesmoredragthanafeatheredpropeller.Thisextradragadds
totheyawingfromafailedenginetomakethetotaleffectworse.

32
Q

What affect will flaps down have on Vmc?

A

Keel effect

More lift from flaps down will also increase drag counteracting some of the yaw lowering Vmc

33
Q

What affect will weight have on Vmc?

A

The more weight the more lift required, then when the plane turns it is split into horizontal and vertical lift. The more weight the more the horizontal component is able to counter yaw

34
Q

What is true of angle of attack on the rudder?

A

Theangleofattackontherudderdetermineshowmuchforcetheruddercancreate.Itis
dependentontheangleoftherelativewindtothechordlineoftherudder.Thelargerthe
angleofattack,thelargertheforceproducedbytherudder.Whentheairplaneisbanked,
rudderforceswillactbothintheverticalandhorizontaldirections.

35
Q

When will a zero slide slip condition occur?

A

therelativewindisdirectlyparalleltothelongitudinalaxisoftheairplane.Thiscondition
resultsintheminimumamountdragpossiblewhenanengineisfailed

36
Q

Why is Vmc lowered with 2-3 degrees of bank?

A

Theangleofattackontherudderislargermakingitmoreeffective.
2. Theamountofrudderneededandusedislessthaninthe0°ofbankscenariosinceit
ismoreeffective.Also,thehorizontalcomponentofliftisnowhelpingtoopposethe
yawfromtheinoperativeengine(meaninglessrudderwillberequired).`

37
Q

What happens to Vmc with 0 degrees of bank?

A

Therelativewind,comingfromtheleftofthenose,willcausetheairplanetobeinaslip.
Thiscauses theangleofattackontheruddertobesmalland,therefore,makesitless
effective.

38
Q

What happens with 8 degrees of bank towards the operative engine?

A

Thedirectionoftherelativewindwillcreatealargeangleofattackontherudder.This
makesitmoreeffectiveresultingislessrudderinputneededbythepilot.Also,thegreater
amountofhorizontalliftmeansthatlessrudderwillbeneededtomaintainheading.This
resultsinalowerVMC.

39
Q

What will happen from a bank towards the inop engine?

A

Bankingtowardstheinoperativeenginewillcausethehorizontalliftfromthewingstoadd
totheyawfromtheinoperativeengine.Therelativewindwillcreateafuselageliftthat
opposestheyaw.Theangleoftherelativewindwiththerudderwillcreateasmallangleof
attackmakingtherudderlesseffective.

40
Q

How does ground effect affect Vmc?

A

Thereductioninthrustrequiredmeansthattheairplanewillhaveextrathrust.Theextra
thrustonagoodenginewillcauseagreateramountofyaw.

Increases Vmc

41
Q

What forces act on the prop to bring it to a high pitch and feathered position and low RPM?

A

Nitrogen
Hub Spring
counterweights

42
Q

What can effect the time it takes for the engine to unfeather?

A

The temperature of the oil

43
Q

What is the feathering lock operated by?

A

Centrifugal force

44
Q

When will the engine feather?

A

When there is no oil pressure and the speed is above 950 RPM

45
Q

What is used to move hydraulic fluid?

A

12 volt reversible pump

46
Q

Where is the landing gear pump?

A

Behind the baggage compartment aft bulkhead

47
Q

How long does landing gear extension and retraction take?

A

6-7 seconds

48
Q

What happens once the hydraulic pump is activated?

A

It moves hydraulic fluid from one side to the other which moves a picton

49
Q

What is max emergency extension speed?

A

100
Thisspeedisslowtoallowthenosewheeltogoforwardintotheoncomingair.
Thereisalsoalargespringtohelpassistthenosewheeltoextendforward

50
Q

What do the squat switches do?

A

Says if aircraft is airborne or on ground
Left prevents retraction
Right activates stall warning horn and maintenance time

51
Q

How is the gear held up?

A

Hydraulic pressure

52
Q

How is gear locked down?

A

Down lock hook

53
Q

When do the three green lights turn on?

A

When the down limit switches are depressed

54
Q

When does the red WARN GEAR UNSAFE light illuminate?

A

When any down limit switches are not depressed or up limit switches are not depressed

55
Q

What are possible problems if a landing gear light does not turn on?

A

Thegearisnotlockeddown.

  1. Anannunciatorlightbulbisburnedout.
  2. Thereisamalfunctionintheindicatingsystem
56
Q

What happens when the gear is retracted?

A
  • Gear pump start, pumps fluid to retract side
  • Down-locks disengage
  • Red light comes on
  • Landing gear retracted with hydraulic actuators
  • Will continue to build up pressure until pressure switch is engaged
  • Up limit switch turns off light
57
Q

What happens when gear is extended?

A
  • Selector down
  • Gear push fluid opposite way
  • Landing gear extend assisted by gravity and springs
  • Up limit switch not depressed light on
  • Operate until all three down limit switches are depressed
  • Down limit switches will cause light to turn off and green lights to turn on
58
Q

When will the gear warning horn go off?

A

LandinggearisnotDown‐and‐LockedandtheMPisbelow14”ononeorboth
engines.
Thisisaccomplishedbymicro‐switchespositionedonthethrottlequadrantnearthe
throttlesthemselves(notfromaMPindication).Becausethepositioningofthe
micro‐switchesarecriticaltotheaccuracyofhornactuation,anyvariationinthe
locationoftheseswitcheswillcausethegearhorntosoundataMPhigherorlower
than14”,asappropriate.
2. Flapsareextendedtothe2ndor3rdnotchandthelandinggearisnotdownand
locked.
3. IftheGearSelectorswitchisintheUPpositionwhentheairplaneisontheground.

59
Q

When can you mute the horn?

A

When not intending to land and when caused by throttles

60
Q

How does the emergency gear extension work?

A

Through a pressure relief valve

61
Q

What does the thermal relief valve do?

A

thevalvewillopentorelievepressureasaresultof

temperatureandpressurechangesastheairplaneclimbsordescends

62
Q

What does the high pressure control valve do?

A

–ifthepressureswitchfailstoshutoffthepumpwhenthe
landinggearisbeingretracted,thisvalvewillopentopreventthegearpumpfrom
buildingexcessivepressureinthehydraulicsystem

63
Q

What does the low pressure relief valve do?

A

ifthepumpfailstoshutoffwhenthegearisbeinglowered,
thisvalvewillopenuptopreventanydamagetothegearpumporsystem

64
Q

Why is the overcenter joint important?

A

Keeps gear down and locked in event of side load

65
Q

What kind of ailerons does the semi have?

A

Frise differential ailerons
Forms a slot so that air flows more smoothly at higher angle of attacks
up 23 down 17

66
Q

What are the flap positions?

A

1, 10, 25, 40

67
Q

What does the scupper drain do?

A

Remove excess fuel

68
Q

What kind of alternators are there?

A

Bekt driven 14 volts 70 amp

69
Q

What does the alternator control unit do?

A

A viltage regulator that maintains 14 volts in the system, over voltage relay to take off alt if volt exceeds 17

70
Q

What kind of battery does it have?

A

12 volts 35 amp

71
Q

Where is the battery?

A

Nose compartment

72
Q

What are the electrical busses?

A 
BATMAN
Battery buss
Avionics 1
Tie bus
Main Bus
Avionics 2
Non-essential bus
73
Q

What kind of heater is it?

A

Janitorial combustion heater

74
Q

Where does the heater get fuel from?

A

left fuel tank

75
Q

How does the heater work?

A

Theheaterdrawsin
outsideairandusesasparkplugandfueltomakea“highvelocitywhirlingflame”.
The
heatfromthisflamewillheatairmovingaroundashroudaroundtheheaterandthenpush
warmairintothecabin.
When plane is in the air there is ram air and a fan for on the ground

76
Q

Why do you turn the heater fan switch?

A

Thiswillallowtheheatertocooldownafteruse

325 (12 decks)

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