Block 19 Flashcards
0
Q
What is Vso?
A
55 kts
Bottom of white arc
1
Q
What is FAR 23.1545 in relation to requirements of an airspeed indicator?
A
The airspeed indicator must be marked for various important speeds and ranges
2
Q
What is the definition of Vmc?
A
Minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative.
It is a controllability speed
3
Q
What is Vmc?
A
56 kts
Red radial line on lower end of indicator
4
Q
What is Vs?
A
57
Lower part of green arc
5
Q
What is Vsse?
A
Intentional one engine inoperative speed
Cannot fail more engine below this
82
6
Q
What is Vx?
A
82 kts
7
Q
What is Vy?
A
Gear up 88
Gear down 78
Use gear down if gear failed to retract or go arounds
8
Q
What is Vxse?
A
82 kts
One engine inop
9
Q
What is Vyse?
A
88kts
One engine inop
10
Q
What is Vlo retract?
A
109 kts
Do not want to over stress the hydraulic pump
Can be an issue on recovery from emergency descents and go arounds after instrument approaches
11
Q
What is Vlo extend?
A
140 kts
Above this speed could cause damage to gear door
From practical standpoint may ignore in emergency
12
Q
What is Vfe?
A
111 kts
High speed end of white arc
13
Q
What is Va?
A
Maximum velocity at which sudden or full control inputs can be made.
3800 lbs 135 kts
2700 lbs 112 kts
14
Q
What is a Vno?
A
Max structural cruising speed
169 kts
High speed end of green arc
15
Q
What is Vne?
A
202 kts
16
Q
What is Vr?
A
Should not exceed Vmca x1.05
75 kts in normal takeoff
Must accelerate to V2 at 35 ft height at end of runway
17
Q
What is Vlof?
A
Speed at which a/c first becomes airborne
Should be at least Vmca +5 kts
75-77 kts
18
Q
What is V1 decision speed?
A
Engine failure below this speed shall about takeoff
Above this speed the takeoff should be continued
19
Q
What is V2?
A
Takeoff safety speed
Approximately the best 1 engine operative angle of climb speed
Should be maintained until 1000 ft AGL
20
Q
Where is thrust directed in a multi engine vs. single engine aircraft?
A
Single engine direct along centerline
Multi engine it is alone each engine creating drag, turning tendencies etc. in SEO
21
Q
What is dynamic coupling?
A
A yaw will cause you to also roll
22
Q
Why can you not cut power on short final?
A
Engines are causing induced airflow which increases lift.
23
Q
What is a conventional twin?
A
Both propellers are spinning clockwise.
24
Which engine is critical in a conventional twin?
Left, due to increased arm on right engine from p-factor
25
What is torque?
Aircraft wants to spins in direction opposite the propellers
26
Is there torque in counter rotating twin?
No
27
What is multi engine service ceiling?
Maximum density altitude where best rate of climb airspeed will produce 100 fpm climb.
It must be clean, max gross, max continuous power
28
What is absolute ceiling?
0 fpm
29
Vmc vs. Vmca
Vmc is certified and Vmca is the actual, but we do not know that
30
Why does aircraft roll and yaw with engine failure?
Yaw from asymmetric thrust and asymmetric drag.
| Roll from asymmetric and lift and dynamic coupling.
31
What is the definition of a critical engine?
Engine who's failure most adversely affects performance or handling characteristics of the aircraft.
32
What is PAST?
P-pfactor
A-accelerated slip stream
S-spiraling slip stream
T-torque
33
Why is left engine critical with spiraling slip stream?
Left engines slip stream will add some air to rudder and increase effectiveness
34
Why is left engine critical with accelerated slipstream?
There is a larger arm on right engine for the lift created by the engine.
35
Why is left engine critical in regards to torque?
If you were to lose your left engine the torque effect actually helps you not roll and yaw as much.
36
What is the definition of minimum control speed?
Minimum flight speed at which the airplane is directionally controllable as determined in accordance with the FARs
37
What are the requirements for Vmc via FAR 23.149?
```
May not exceed 1.2 Vs1
Max takeoff weight
Most unfavorable CG and weight
Airborne and ground effect negligible
Max available takeoff power
Trimmed for takeoff
Landing gear retracted
Flaps in takeoff position
Propeller controls in takeoff position
```
AKA takeoff configuration because this is the worst time for this to happen
38
What other considerations must be made in regards to Vmc limitations?
Rudder pedal force cannot exceed 150 lbs
Cannot reduce power on operating engine
Airplane must not assume dangerous attitude
Must be able to prevent heading change of more than 20 degrees
39
What is the definition of Vmc per FAR 23.149?
Calibrated airspeed at which critical engine is suddenly inoperative and it is possible to maintain control of the airplane and maintain straight flight at the same speed with angle of bank not more thsn 5 degrees
40
If an aircraft is larger than a 6000 lbs reciprocating twin it must also meet what conditions?
```
The landing configuration with
Max available takeoff power on each engine
Airplane trimmed for approach at Vref
Flaps in landing position
Landing gear extended
Prop control in recommended position
```
41
Certified Vmc is a ______?
Pilots guide
42
What factors influence Vmca?
```
Power
CG
Bank angle
Configuration
Propeller blade angle
Gross weight
```
43
What happens to Vmca when power increase?
Vmca increase because as asymmetrical thrust increases controllability must increase
44
What happens to Vmca at high density altitude?
Lower Vmca
| Thrust decrease with altitude increase
45
What is the relationship of Vs and Vmca?
As altitude increases Vmca decreases therefore you are more likely to reach a stall before reaching Vmca
46
What effect will a forward CG have on Vmca?
Lower Vmca
| Increase the leverage arm for the rudder
47
What will an increased bank do to Vmca?
Lower Vmca
48
Vmca increase approximately _____ for each degree of bank less than _____
3 knots
| 5 degrees
49
What will increase stability do to Vmca?
Lower Vmca
| Landing gear adds keel effect
50
What will flaps do to Vmca?
It can increase Vmca by shadowing the tail slightly fully extended
It can decrease Vmca due to keel effect
51
What effect will windmilling propeller have on Vmca?
Vmca increases
| Low pitch and high RPM= increased drag which increases asymmetric drag
52
When will Vmc not be calculated with propeller windmilling?
If there is an auto dearer system
53
What effect will gross weight have on Vmc?
Lower Vmca
| More weight the more horizontal component of lift
54
In single engine operations lose ___ power and approximately _____ in climb performance
50%
80%
Leading to reduction in excess horse power and increased drag
55
What thing will increase the drag?
```
Windmilling propellers
Rudder
Elevator
Ailerons
Side slip
```
56
What two control inputs must be used to counteract asymmetrical thrust?
Yaw force from rudder
| Horizontal component of lift
57
What conditions are typically met in a zero sidestep condition?
2-3 degrees bank
| Inclinometer displaced 1/3 to 1/2
58
What conditions will result in a side slip in single engine operations?
Wings level
| Ailerons only
59
What conditions should be met for perfect control?
Pitch for Vyse
| Bank 5 degrees towards op engine
60
What conditions should be met for maximum performance?
Pitch for Vyse
| Establish zero sideslip
61
What conditions demonstrate loss of control?
Rudder limit reached
Aileron limit reached
Uncontrollable yaw
First indication of a stall
62
What is single engine service ceiling?
Aircraft can climb at 50 fpm
63
What is single engine absolute ceiling?
Maximum altitude aircraft can achieve with the critical engine inop
64
What is drift down?
If aircraft is above single engine absolute ceiling at the time of the failure it will slowly lose altitude.
Pitch for Vyse
65
Why would a climb in SEO require greater rudder pressure?
Because airflow is slowing down over control surfaces
66
Why are climbs not always possible?
Because if it reciprocating and under 6000 lbs. it does need to demonstrate a climb
67
What climb must be maintained if aircraft is larger than 6000 and Vso is more than 61 kts?
1.5 percent at pressure altitude of 5000 ft.
Remaining engine not more than continuous
Landing gear retracted
Wing flaps retracted
Climb speed not less then 1.2 Vs1
68
What are flight instrument indications during an engine failure?
Airspeed increasing
Attitude indicator rolling
Turn coordinator rolling
Inclinometer yawing
69
What are sins of engine failure?
Loss of thrust
Nose will yaw in direction of dead engine
Rudder will need force towards good engine
70
What are the two best indicators of an engine failure from engine instruments?
EGT
| Fuel flow
71
What are the 4 Cs of an engine failure?
Control
Configuration
Climb
Checklist
72
What is an emergency per the AIM?
Shudder, urgent, usually unexpected occurrence or occasion requiring immediate action
73
To what extent may a pilot deviate from regulations in an emergency?
To the extent required to meet the emergency
74
What is a forced landing?
Immediate landing on or off airport
| Cannot fly any longer
75
What is a precautionary landing?
Further flight is possibly buy not advisable
76
What is ditching?
A forced or precautionary landing in water
77
What should be done with crashing is inevitable?
Keep vital structure intact by using dispensable structures to absorb impact.
78
What is basic empty weight?
Weight of a standard airplane including unuseable fuel, full operating fluids, full oil and optional equipment
79
What is maximum ramp weight?
Maximum weight approved for ground maneuver
80
What is maximum takeoff weight?
Maximum weight approved for the start of the takeoff run
81
What is maximum landing weight?
Maximum weight approved for the landing touchdown
82
What is maximum zero fuel weight?
Maximum weight exclusive of useable fuel
83
What is useful load?
Difference between takeoff weight or ramp weight and basic empty weighty
84
What is the payload?
Weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage
85
What is usable fuel?
Fuel available for flight planning
86
What is unusable fuel?
Fuel remaining after a runout test has been complete in accordance with FARs
87
What is maximum taxi weight?
The maximum allowable aircraft weight for taxiing
88
What is maximum runway takeoff weight?
Takeoff weight as limited by runway performance
89
What is maximum en-route takeoff weight?
Takeoff weight as limited by single engine service ceiling.
90
What is burn limited takeoff weight?
Takeoff weight as limited by maximum landing weight.
| Max landing weight + fuel burn = BLTW
91
What is included in gross weight?
```
Basic empty weight
Useable fuel
Useful load
Crew
Passengers
Cargo
Baggage
```
92
What is the standard weight of AvGas?
6 lbs
93
What is the weight of Jet A?
6.8 lbs
94
What is the weight of water?
8.35 lbs
95
What is the standard weight of an adult?
Summer 190 lbs
| Winter 195 lbs
96
What is the standard weight of a child?
Sumer 82 lbs
| Winter 87 lbs
97
What is the standard weight of crew with bags?
Flight crew 240 lbs
Male flight attendant 220 lbs
Female flight attendant 200 lbs
98
What is the datum?
The imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal distances are measured for balance purposes
99
What is a station?
A location along the airplane fuselage from regencies from the datum
100
What is the arm?
The horizontal distance from the reference datum to the CG of an item.
101
What is the moment?
The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm.
102
What is the center of gravity?
The point at which an airplane would balance if suspended.
103
What are three reasons weight and balance is important?
```
Complexity
Cargo areas and passenger weights
Performance
Control
Stability
VMC
```
104
In the Seminole CG moves ______ with fuel burn.
Forward
105
How high should you climb before turning in an emergency?
This is a function of what's around you, for example, runway environment, topography, buildings
106
What affect does leaving ground effect have in Vmca?
It increase
107
What actions should you take to should you begin to lose directional control?
Decrease engine power on good engine and pitch down to increase airspeed
108
Zero sideslip in the Seminole is indicated with?
2-3 degrees and 1/2 ball deflection
109
V1 is defined as
Decision speed
110
What is accelerate stop speed
Distance to accelerate to Vr and come to a complete stop on the runway
111
What is accelerate go distance?
Distance to rotate and climb 50 ft above runway environment
112
What happens to stall speed as density altitude increase?
It stays constant
