Era of New Labour (1997 - 2007) Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the Third Way
A
The name given to the new consensus
1988 pamphlet by Blair described:
* Equal worth
* Oppurtunity for all
* Responsibility
* Community
2
Q
Describe Blair’s position in 1997
A
- 419 seats to the Conservatives 165
- Strong cabinet
- Favourable economic position
- Conservative opposition was demoralised
- Wide spread public goodwill
3
Q
Describe the reality of the 1997 Labour ‘landslide’
A
- Won 43% of the vote
However…
* Poor turnout
* Fewer people voted for Labour in 1997 than at any point 1945 to 1966
* Labour vote was 500,000 less than Major had won in 1992
4
Q
Describe the Blair-Brown political marriage
A
- Blair was PM for 10 years during which time Brown was Chancellor
- Supposedly, at dinner at the Granita restraunt in Islington, 1994, it was agreed that Blair would temporarily take the leadership and then Brown would take over
- The two developed a public rivalry that became known as ‘Labour’s civil war’
5
Q
List Labour’s aims in 1997
A
- Referendums on Scottish and Welsh devolution
- The election of mayors
- Hereditary peers to lose their right to vote in the House of Lords
- European Convention on Human Rights to be incorporated into British law
- A referendum on electoral reform
- Legislation to ensure freedom on information
6
Q
Describe Scottish devolution
A
- Devolution referendums held in 1997
- Voted to devolve powers (including tax raising) to a Scottish parliament
- Led to the Scottish Assembly being established in Edinburgh
- It was hoped this would weaken the SNP but it only strengthened them
7
Q
Describe devolution in Wales
A
- Referendum
- Led to the setting up of the Welsh Assembly in Cardiff
- Had fewer powers than Scotland e.g no tax raising
- Plaid Cymru continued to gain support
8
Q
Describe devolution in Northern Ireland
A
- Government in Northern Ireland was devolved after the Good Friday Agreement in 1998
9
Q
Describe devolution in England
A
- A referendum was held in the North East in 2004 but this was rejected
10
Q
Describe elections for London mayor
A
- First elected mayor of London was Ken Livingstone in 1999
- This was the last person Blair had wanted to win as he was a left-wing maverick
- Blair blocked Livingstone from being the Labour candidate for London mayor in 2000
- Livingstone ran as an independent and won
11
Q
Describe reform of the House of Lords
A
- Made a major effort but were largely unsuccessful
- Hereditary peers were not abolished but cut to 92
12
Q
Describe Freedom of Information
A
- Freedom of Information Act passed 2000
- Gave people the right to request info from public bodies
- By 2006, over 1 mill requests were being made each year
- Blair later described it as a mistake and said he feared it would stop politicians from making difficult decisions
13
Q
Describe the incorporation of European Human rights
A
- European Human Rights Act 1998
- European Convention on Human Rights incorporated into British law
- 2004, the government had to ammend a piece of anti-terrorism legislation as the House of Lords ruled it was incompatible with the act
14
Q
Describe reforms to voting
A
- A commission led by Roy Jenkins was set up to examine alternative voting systems
- 1998 report said FPTP should be replaced with something closer to PR
- However, no changes made
15
Q
Describe positives in education
A
- ‘Education, education and education’
- Spending per pupil doubled
- Increase of 36,000 teachers and 154,000 support staff
- 11 year olds with english meeting required standards increased 65% to 79% and maths increased 60% to 78%
- Students with at least five GCSEs rose from 45% in 1997 to 58% in 2007
- 46 Academy schools opened
- Registered childcare places doubled, to 1.38 million
- By 2007, 43% of 18 to 30 year olds go to university
16
Q
Describe negatives in education
A
- ‘Postcode choice’ - buying a home within the catchment area of a strong secondary or going private
- Many pupils still opting out of school after 16
- One in 6 secondary schools underperforming by 2007 according to the Public Accounts Committee
- Over 30% of secondary pupils played truant in 2006
17
Q
Describe positives in crime
A
- ‘Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime’
- Crime fell 35% 1997-2007
- 51% fall in burglaries
- Backlog of asylum seekers reduced from 60,000 to 6000
- ‘Respect campaign’ - 10,000 Asbos and 300,000 spot fines
18
Q
Describe negatives in crime
A
- Longer prison sentences
- Record high prison numbers of 80,000
- 2/3rds reoffended when released
- Inside jail, mental health issues were common and there was little attempt at treatment
- Not tough on causes of crime
- Rise in teenage gun and knife crime
19
Q
Describe the positives in health
A
- Spending rises from $34bn in 1997 to $94bn by 2008
- 20,000 more consultants and GPs and 70,000 more nurses by 2008
- Number of people on waiting lists for operations fell by 384,000, 1997-2007
- 118 new hospitals and 188 GP clinics open
20
Q
Describe the negatives of health
A
- Drugs bill rose by 13%
- 75% increase in number of emergency ambulance calls
- Number of people using NHS rose by 3% a year
- Number of hospital beds had fallen by 15,000
21
Q
Describe positives in work and pensions
A
- Spending on child related benefits increased 53% in real terms 1997-2003
- 700,000 children lifted out of poverty
- No. of lone mothers in work rose from 45% to 56%
- Thousands of the UKs biggest companies have axe final salary pensions
- A series of New Deal schemes improve employment for young, single mothers and over 50’s
22
Q
Describe negatives in work and pension
A
- Number of people claiming incapacity benefit rose 2.3 mil to 2.7mil
- Labour criticised for neglecting more than 2 million people claiming incapacity benefit
- The government ignored retirement policy for as long as possible
- Measures to raise age of eligibility for state pensions
23
Q
Describe positives in transport
A
- 10 year plan promising £180bn public and private investment in roads and public transport
- 2003 London Mayor, Livingstone, introduces ambitious congestion charging scheme
- On target for 40% reduction in deaths and serious injuries on the roads by 2010
24
Q
Describe negatives in transport
A
- 1998 to 2001, fatal train crashes at Southall, Ladbroke Grove and Hatfield led to a lack of confidence in transport
- 2000, Britain was brought to a standstill by blockades at fuel deposits
- 2001, government withdrew funding from private rail operator Railtrack and it collapsed
- Road congestion cost the economy £15bn per year
25
Describe positives on environment
* Chaired the G8 group of leading nations in 2005
* Stern Report was considered an admirable wake up call
* 2002, Countryside Alliance organise a march of half a million people to protest the banning of hunting with dogs. The ban passed anyway in 2004.
26
Describe negatives on environment
* 2001, 6 million livestock slaughtered in an attempt to control rampant foot and mouth disease
* 2004, Commercial GM crops put on hold after mixed results
* Despite pledges to cut greenhouse gases, emissions rose in 5 of the 10 years since 1997
* Biodiversity declined
* Carbon dioxide emissions rose continuously from 1997
27
Describe positives for sport and culture
* Increased public funding for sport from the National Lottery and the Exchequer from £222m to £580m per year
* 97% of school held a competitive sports day by 2007
* 3,000 new community sports coaches hired
* Amateur sports clubs had 80% mandatory relief rate
28
Describe negatives for sport and culture
* Cut the sports share of lottery proceeds from 20% to 16.6% to help fund 2012 olympics
29
Describe the situation Blair inherited in Northern Ireland
* Major had built confidence between unionists and nationalists
* There had been talks involving all NI parties, on and off since 1996
* Hulme, leader of the SDLP, had persuaded Adams and McGuiness of Sinn Fein that a negotiated settlement was possible
30
Describe the NI talks
* Both sides trusted chairman Mitchell, a former US senator and Clinton's special envoy for NI
* Blair developed a close relationship with Ahern, the Irish Taoiseach
* Mowlem, Secreatary of state for NI, kept the paramilitaries on side by visiting them in Maze prison
31
Describe negotiation of the Good Friday agreement
* Final negotiations went on for 17 hours after the final deadline
* A UUP negotiator, Donaldson, walked out over lack of progress on the ensuring the IRA would decommission its arms
* 10th April 1998, Mitchell announced an agreement had been reached and that it would be put to the people in a referendum
32
Describe the terms of the Good Friday Agreement
* **The UK and the Republic would give up their claim to NI so NI could self-determine**
* **A devolved assembly and a power-sharing executive would be set up**
* Links between Britain, NI and Republic would all be strengthened
* All parties would try to influence the decommission of arms
* An independent commission would oversee reform of policing
* Early release of prisoners if paramilitary organisations committed to peace
33
Describe the results of the Good Friday Agreement referendum
* In NI, 71% voted in favour
* In the Republic, 94% voted in favour
34
Describe opposition to the Good Friday Agreement
* Many feared the negative influence of Dr Ian Paisley, leader of the Democratic Unionist Party
* 1998, Omagh bombing killed 30 and was carried out by dissident republicans in the Community IRA
* The DUP overtook the UUP as the main unionist political party in NI
* Devolved institutions had to be suspended in 2002 until the St Andrew's Agreement 2006
35
Describe Brown's inheritance and aims as chancellor
* Inherited a favourable economic situation
* Keep inflation low
* Keep gov spending under control
* Prove that labour was pro-business and could be trusted with the economy
36
Describe what happened to the Bank of England
* Was made independent from the gov in 1997
* The government would set an inflation target but the BofE would decide where to set interest rates to meet this target
37
Describe Brown's policy on borrowing
Set treasury rules about how much could be borrowed from the government
38
Describe Brown's policy on spending
* ‘Prudence with a purpose’
* After 2001, there was an injection of money into public services particularly in education and healthcare
* Exam results went up and waiting lists went down
* Labour argued this was necessary due to years of neglect under the Conservatives
39
Describe some positives in the economy
* Economic stability
* By 2008, GDP was £1.118 trillion making the UK the **5th largest economy in the world**
* Interest rates decreased 6% to 5.25% 1997 to 2007
* Unemployment fell from **2 million to 1.7 million**
* Government debt fell from **44% of GDP to 36%**
40
Describe some negatives in the economy
* Increase in taxation was £3,100 per household
* Personal debt increased, average household now owed 160% of its household income
* Total mortgage borrowing rose over £1 trillion
* House prices rose by an average of 11% a year
* Blair raised extra cash by increasing national insurance rates and using fiscal drag. This left the treasury vulnerable to the charge of ‘stealth tax’ and enraged business leaders.
41
Describe some positives in trade and industry
* Productivity gap with US, Germany and France closed
* Increased inward investment from £153bn in 1997 to £483bn in 2006 (inward investment more than x3)
* The ‘fairness at work’ measures
* Patricia Hewitt did not step in Rover went bust in 2005, for the last 5 years, Stephen Byers had done all he could
42
Describe some negatives in trade and industry
* 2005, Rover went bust
* Manufacturing jobs went from 4.5 million to 3.2 million from 1997 to 2006
* Many Labour supporters wanted more intervention
* Industrial unions criticised the government for not protecting well-paid manufacturing jobs
43
Describe energy
* In 2003, Labour avoided building new nuclear stations, focusing instead on renewable energy
* In 2006, Labour finally gave the go-ahead for nuclear power to prevent reliance on gas from unstable places such as Russia and Iran
44
Describe the positives of Labour's 2001 election campaign
* Labour promised a large increase in the number of people employed in public service
* Announced that the mortgage rate was at its lowest in 40 years
* 58 company chiefs announced that would vote for Labour including Sir Alan Sugar and Sir Terence Conran
* Blair promised an extra £300 million for cancer scanners and treatment machines
45
Describe the Conservatives 2001 election campaign
* Heath complained that William Hague had become a ‘laughing stock’
* A poll showed that middle class backing for the Tories had dropped to 17% and was up to 59% for Labour
* Tax plans became confused as Letwin claimed that the Tories planned to make tax cuts of £20 billion as opposed to the published £8 billion
* 3 of the candidates stated they felt Britain’s felt Britain’s future lay outside of Europe
* The Euro was seen as ‘the biggest constitutional change since Charles 1 had his head cut off’
46
Describe Prescott's punch
* May 16th 2001, Labour’s ‘Black Day’
* John Prescott, Deputy Prime Minister, punched a man who had thrown an egg at him
* BBC’s political correspondent, Andrew Marr, claimed that it was Labour’s worst day since the era of Michael Foot
47
Describe the negatives of Labour's 2001 election campaign
* Peter Mandelson claimed that the party were not presenting itself well enough and the campaign needed tightening
* Prescott's punch
* Straw, Home Secretary, was heckled at a Police Federation meeting
* Tony Blair was given a telling off by a woman whose partner could not find a hospital bed despite having cancer
48
Describe public apathy in the 2001 election
* The public did not appear interested in an election
* Political commentators predicted the worst voter turnout since 1918
* The polls all showed labour well in the lead with around 48% to the Tories 32%
49
Describe the results of the 2001 election
Labour won by a landslide
Turnout was low:
* Less than 50% in some constituencies
* Nearly 40% of those registered to vote did not
* The political analyst for the ‘Daily Mail’, Heathcoat Amory, claimed the election had been a victory for the ‘Stay at Home Party’
50
Describe the results of the 2005 election
* Gave labour a parliamentary majority of 66
* Labour’s percentage of votes (36%), is the lowest any winning party has ever achieved
* 60,000 more people voted for the Conservatives than Labour in England but Labour still won 92 more English seats
* Both the Electoral Reform Society and ‘Make Votes Count’ expressed their concern that democracy within the UK was being damaged by the use of first past the post
51
Describe the turnout in the 2005 election
* 61% (up 2% from 2001)
* 1/3rd of those registered to vote did not do so
* More people opted not to vote (38.7%) than voted for labour (36%)
52
Describe the background for the 2005 election
* Labour claim that the Conservatives had cut £35 billion to public spending
* De-selection of the Tory MP Howard Flight, Deputy Party Chairman, by Michael Howard
* The Conservatives claimed that admission of intelligence failings meant there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq and the Labour government could not be trusted
* Labour were ahead on education and health
* The Conservatives were ahead on crime and asylum issues
53
Describe Labour's 2005 election campaign
* MG Rover factory at Longbridge but then the Labour government offered £100 million to keep it afloat until talks with Shanghai Automotives were finalised
* This saw labour move ahead by another 2% in the polls
* Generally, the polls showed a late ‘surge’ by Labour up to around 40%
54
Describe the Conservatives under William Hague
* After defeat in 1997, Major resigned and was replaced by Hague
* He had limited political experience and had no power base in the party
* Was Thatcher’s preferred choice
* He was mocked for wearing a baseball cap, for appearing at Notting Hill Carnival and for boasting of drinking 14 pints
* Hague retreated further right which prevented loss of voters to UKIP or the British National Party but did not appeal to the middle ground
* The average age of the party membership was 63
55
Describe the Conservatives under Ian Duncan Smith
* Replaced Hague
* He was known as ‘the quiet man’
The party was not ready to modernise and would suffer as a consequence
Was ousted by a vote of no confidence in 2003
56
Describe the Conservatives under Michael Howard
* Was elected to replace Duncan Smith in 2003
* Made little to no change
* Was more charismatic than Duncan Smith but still no match for Blair
57
Describe the Conservatives under David Cameron
* After a 3rd successive defeat in 2005, the Conservatives realised the need to modernise and elected Cameron
* Began to modernise and move towards the centre as well as moving the focus off Europe
* This did cost some harder right voters who moved to fringe parties like UKIP
58
Describe criticisms of workers rights
* The percentage of the workforce with union membership fell from 29% to 26%
* Did not repeal the TU legislation that had been passed by the Conservatives 1979 to 1997
* Openly criticised strike action
* Continued to pursue outsourcing and PFI
* Air Traffic Control organisation was sold off, London Underground moved to a public-private partnership and there was discussion of selling Royal Mail
59
Describe positives of workers rights
* Backed the European Social Charter e.g All employees were now entitled to request up to 3 months parental leave to care for a child under 8
* New Deal programmes to support the young, the old and the disabled in finding work
* 'work for those who can, security for those who can't'
* 1998, introduced National Minimum Wage
* Tax credits introduced (means tested benefits)
60
Describe positives of women
* 1997, 120 female MPs, double the previous number
* Women appointed to prominent positions e.g Becket as Foreign Secretary
* 2007, all 3 and 4 year olds entitled to 12.5 hours a week free nursery education
* 1999 to 2007, the percentage of FTSE 100 companies with no women on the board fell from 36% to 24%
61
Describe negatives of women
* 2007, women still only earning 87% of men
* 2007, when couples were compared, women still did three times the amount of housework as men
62
Describe positives for youth
* Blair was the youngest PM ever elected
* Social Exclusion Unit set up 1997 to combat exclusion of young people
* Established Sure Start centres
* 1999, pledged to end child poverty in 20 years and had brought it down 25% by 2005
* Connexions service created to advise teenagers about their choices after school
63
Describe negatives for youth
* The number of NEETs (Not in education, employment or training) increased to nearly 20% by 2007
* Antisocial Behaviour orders were introduced partly due to fear of youth crime
* By 2005, 46% of ASBOs went to under 17 year olds
64
Describe positives for multiculturalism
* 2002, the first black cabinet minister when Boateng became chief secretary to the Treasury
* One of the key reasons London was picked to host 2012 olympics was multiculturalism
65
Describe negatives for multiculturalism
* The Macpherson Report, 1998
* 2001, BBC chairman, Dyke, acknowledged that his workforce was 'hideously white'
* 2005 terrorist attacks
66
Describe the Macpherson Report
* 1998
* Investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence
* Found the Met Police to be institutionally racist
67
Describe the first 2005 terrorist attack
* 7th July 2005, London
* 4 suicide bombers attacked 3 underground trains and a bus
* 52 people killed
* 3 of the bombers were non-white British born citizens
68
Describe the second 2005 terrorist attack
* 21st July 2005
* Four more suicide bombers attempted a similar attack but their bombs failed to explode
* A day later, a young Brazilian was mistaken for one of the suspects and shot dead by police
* Four men later convicted
* They had been born in Ethiopia and Somalia but were naturalised British citizens
69
Describe the measures Labour took to combat terrorism
* 2006, created Secretary of State for Local Government and Communities. One role was to work with local authorities to prevent extremism.
* National Identity Card Act 2006
* Terrorist Act 2006 increased the time a suspect could be held without charge to 28 days
70
Describe immigration
* Number of voters who considered immigration a vital issue rose, 2001 to 2007, from 3% to 30%
* Pressure group Migration Watch discussed the dangers of overstretching public services
* Most experts agreed immigration benefited the nation economically and in overall birth rates
* Many migrants returned home after a while, including 1/3rd of Polish migrants
71
Describe Labour's aims for FP with Europe
* Better relations with European partners
* Promised Britain be at centre of European Union
* Inherited issue of European integration that came close to destroying John Major’s government
72
Describe the influence of Blair's leadership on relations with Europe
* Started with good relations with French president Chirac (Saint-Marlo Agreement) and German president Schroeder
* Britain took a lead in EU negotiations including the Treaty of Nice 2001
* Over time, Blair became less friendly with Chirac and Schroeder
* Became more friendly with the conservative Spain's Aznar and Italy's Berlusconi
73
Describe the Euro and its affect on Britain's relations with Europe
* Blair was strongly in favour but Brown opposed
* Brown set a number of economic conditions that would have to be met before Britain gave up the pound
* Euro was introduced Jan 1999 but Britain did not join
74
Describe the influence of the 'special relationship' on relations with Europe
* Blair wanted to act as a bridge between US and Europe
* Chirac and Schroeder became increasingly suspicious of relations with the US
* Europe was sceptical of the 1998 and 2001 Anglo-American bombing raids on Iraq and of the Iraq War 2003
* March 2003, Chirac declared France would veto any second UN resolution
75
Describe how world role influenced relations with Europe
Blair led Europe on:
* Climate change
* World trade
* Reforming aid to Africa
* A common strategy against global terrorism
Blair wanted to involve Europe in:
* Action against Iraq
* The peace process between Israel and the Palestinians
76
Describe the Social Chapter and its influence on relations in Europe
* Signed soon after Labour took office
* Promotes and protects socioeconomic rights
* Guaranteed rights related to employment, housing, health, education, social protection and welfare
77
Describe the expansion of the EU
* The first group of six countries joined but Blair made the mistake of not restricting right of entry of workers and many more migrants arrived than expected
* In 2007, Blair did impose temporary restrictions when Romania and Bulgaria joined
* By 2007, the EU had expanded to 27 states and was in negotiations with even more
78
Describe the European Security and Defence Policy
* Started in 1998 with the Saint-Malo Agreement
* Britain had previously feared complication for NATO but now took a much more positive view
79
Describe the Common Agricultural Policy in this period
* October 2002 negotiations on CAP reform, Chirac told Blair 'You have been very rude and I have never been spoken to like that before'
* Dec 2005, Blair was forced into accepting a modest cut in the rebate without a formal agreement on reducing CAP
80
Why was Labour so keen to maintain the 'special relationship'?
* Blair and Clinton were both influenced by ideas of the Third Way
* New Labour had been building relations with the Democrats from 1992 to learn how a left party could be electorally successful
* The EU and UN failed to deal with the Yugoslavian crisis and it was felt the US and NATO could have helped
* Wanted to bring an end to the Cold War
81
Describe how the US and the UK moved apart
* Relations became strained during the Kosovo Crisis in 1999
* Blair was alienated by Clinton's sexual indiscretions
* The Democrats were replaced by Bush and the Republicans in 2000
* There were accusations that Britain was too dependent on the US and that the relationship was not equal
82
Describe intervention in Yugoslavia
* Serbian attacks on Kosovo resulted in the final stages of the Balkan Wars
* Blair devoted his attention to persuading Clinton to back military action against Serbia
* In 1999, a prolonged NATO bombing campaign against Serbia forced Milosevic to pull his forces out of Kosovo
83
Describe Sierra Leone
* 2000, rebel forces in the Sierra Leone civil war threatened to take over the capital city, Freetown
* British sent armed forces
* Initially to evacuate foreigners but they then supported the UN peacekeepers in securing the capital and helped end the civil war in 2001
84
Describe the plan for intervention in Afghanistan
* Preparations began for NATO forces to invade Afghanistan, where the Taliban government allowed Al-Qaeda to use the country as a base for training and planning terrorist operations
* The plan was to overthrow the Taliban and expel Al-Qaeda
* On the 7th October 2001, Britain joined the US military campaign, supported by NATO and the UN
85
Describe the consequences of intervention in Afghanistan
* There was no instant success and the leaders of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda escaped
* A new democratic regime was established but economic and political development were slow
* From 2002, attention was drawn towards Iraq and critics argued that this allowed the Taliban to regroup on 2006 and 2007
86
Describe the situation in Iraq in 2002
* Iraq might link up with Al-Qaeda and provide a new base for terrorism
* Iraq might develop weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
* UN resolution, Nov 2002, forced Hussein to allow weapons inspectors into Iraq
* 2003, the USA believed he was not properly cooperating and there was dispute with the UN about whether this warranted military force
* Blair made efforts to win over European allies by pushing for a second UN resolution but was unsuccessful
87
Describe the invasion of Iraq
* March 2003, US invasion of Iraq backed by Britain, Poland and Italy among others
* Military victory and overthrow of Hussein was complete by April 2003 but this was not neat and British forces became bogged down
* By 2006, security and stability in Iraq had improved but the 2003 expectations had not been met
88
Describe opposition to the invasion of Iraq
* Four ministers, including the foreign secretary, Robin Cook, resigned over the issue
* ‘Stop the War’ march through London in Feb 2003 attracted more than a million people
* The failure to find evidence of WMD, which had been used to justify the invasion
* May 2003, the British government was accused of having exaggerated the threat
* British and US troops were accused of mistreating Iraqi prisoners of war
89
Describe defence spending
* **Defence spending rose from £21bn to £32bn**
* Defence budget has remained at around 2.5% of GDP (twice that of Germany)
* **Size of armed forces was 96% of capacity**
* Longest growth in defence spending for more than 20 years
* One of Blair’s last decisions was the costly replacement for the Trident nuclear weapons system
* By 2007, more than 180 UK troops had died in operations and Britain had **13,000 troops in Afghanistan and Iraq**
90
Why did Tony Blair step down?
* Mounting opposition
* Brown supporters becoming impatient and rumours of a 'September coup'
* Opposition over the Iraq war
* 'Cash for honours' scandal
91
Describe the departure of Blair
* Resigned in June 2007
* Brown was elected unopposed as successor
92
Describe the 'cash for honours' scandal
* Accusations that Labour promised honours to people making large donations to the people
* No charges were ever brought
93
Describe positives for the arts
* Spending on the arts more than doubled from £186m to £412m
* Attendance at museums and galleries had risen by 83%
94
Describe the Olympics
* Britain rose from 36th in the 1996 Olympics to 10th in the 2004 Olympics
* Blair undertook 48hrs of diplomacy with the Olympic Committee in Singapore in July 2005, so London could host the 2012 Olympics
95
Describe the 'fairness at work' measure
* National minimum wage
* Legal recognition for the trade unions
* Signing the european chapter
