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RUSVM Parasitology > Equine Parasites: Playtyhelminthes and Arthropods > Flashcards

Equine Parasites: Playtyhelminthes and Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the equine cestode parasites we are studying?

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata

Anoplocephala magna

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2
Q

What are some general facts that all cestodes have in common?

A

1 intermediate host
Attach with scolex and suckers
Egg is called oncosphere
Dipylidium caninum is the model

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3
Q

Which is more common? A. perfoliata or A. magna?

A

A. perfoliata

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4
Q

Which cestode is larger? A. perfoliata or A. magna?

A

A. magna (80 cm vs. 4 cm)

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5
Q

Which cestode has “lappets” ?

A

A. perfoliata

Perfoliata= laPPets

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6
Q

What do the eggs of A. perfoliata and A. magna look like?

A

50-80 Mm
Irregular shape
Contains small hexicanth embryo

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7
Q

Describe the life cycle of A. perfoliata and A. magna.

A

Mature segments pass in feces
Eggs are released
Eggs ingested by mites
Eggs develop into cysticercoid inside the mite
Infected mite with cysticercoid ingested by the horse while grazing

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8
Q

What is the PPP of A. perfoliata and A. magna?

A

1-2 months

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9
Q

What is the intermediate host of A. perfoliata and A. magna?

A

forage mite or oribatid

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10
Q

Is seasonality associated with A. perfoliata and A. magna?

A

No

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11
Q

Where is the site of infection for A. perfoliata?

A

Cecum. More specifically, the ileocecal valve

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12
Q

Where does A. magna infect?

A

Small intestine

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13
Q

Heavy infections of A. _______ cause ulcerations.

A

A. perfoliata

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14
Q

What can a heavy infection of A. perfoliata do to the ileocecal valve? To the terminal ileum or cecum?

A

Cause partial occlusion or intussusception of the terminal ileum or cecum

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15
Q

How do you diagnose A. perfoliata and A. magna?

A

Use centrifugation and fecal flotation
Use sedimentation
Use ELISA

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16
Q

How are A. perfoliata and A. magna treated?

A

Praziquantel

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17
Q

Is A. perfoliata or A. magna more pathogenic?

A

A. perfoliata is more pathogenic

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18
Q

Which equine parasitic flies are we studying?

A 
Gasterophilus spp. 
Musca autumnalis
Stomoxys calcitrans
Culicoides spp.
Tabanus spp. 
Chrysops spp.
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19
Q

What is the common name for Gasterophilus spp. ?

A

Bot fly larvae

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20
Q

Describe the life cycle of Gasterophilus spp.

A

Egg
Larva
Puparium
Adult

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21
Q

Where are you most likely to find the eggs of Gasterophilus intestinalis?

A

On the forelegs and shoulders

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22
Q

Where are you most likely to find the 3rd instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis?

A

Non-glandular stomach and cardiac region of stomach

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23
Q

Where will you find the eggs of Gasterophilus nasalis?

A

Intermandibular spaces

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24
Q

Where will you find the 3rd instars of Gasterophilus nasalis?

A

Pylorus and duodenum

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25
Q

Which egg will hatch into a 1st instar when licked (of the two Gasterophilus species)?

A

Gasterophilus intestinalis

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26
Q

Where does the 1st instar develop into the 2nd instar?

A

In the oral cavity

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27
Q

When does the 2nd instar change into the 3rd instar?

A

When swallowed

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28
Q

How long can a 3rd instar live inside the horse?

A

12 months

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29
Q

What color is Gasterophilus intestinalis in fresh feces?

A

Red

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30
Q

What color is Gasterophilus nasalis in fresh feces?

A

Yellow

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31
Q

Where does infestation of Gasterophilus intestinalis 3rd instar occur?

A

Stomach

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32
Q

Where does infestation of Gasterophilus nasalis 3rd instar occur?

A

Small intestine

33
Q

What reaction can attached instars cause?

A

Inflammatory rxn

34
Q

What are clinical signs of Gasterophilus spp. ?

35
Q

What is the common name for Musca autumnalis?

36
Q

How big are adults of Musca autumnalis?

A

5.5-7.5 mm

37
Q

What is unique about the mouthparts of adult Musca autumnalis?

A

They are developed for sponging

38
Q

Where would you find Musca autumnalis eggs?

A

Laid in feces or rotting organic material

39
Q

What is the site of infection for Musca autumnalis?

A

Animal secretions and wounds

40
Q

Is there pathogenesis associated with Musca autumnalis?

A

Yes, mechanical transmission of viruses, bacteria, helminths and protozoa.

41
Q

What are some clinical signs associated with Musca autumnalis?

A

Annoyance interferes with grazing and performance

Conjunctivitis

42
Q

What is the common name of Stomoxys calcitrans

A

Stable fly, biting housefly

43
Q

What are hosts for Stomoxys calcitrans?

A

Most animals and humans

44
Q

How big are Stomoxys calcitrans adults?

A

5.5-7.5, just like Musca autumnalis

45
Q

Describe the mouthparts of Stomoxys calcitrans.

A

Rigid, conspicuous, and forward facing

46
Q

Describe the life cycle of Stomoxys calcitrans.

A

Egg-Larva-Pupae-Adult

47
Q

What does Stomoxys calcitrans feed on?

48
Q

How many minutes does Stomoxys calcitrans need to finish a blood meal?

49
Q

Where would you find Stomoxys calcitrans eggs?

A

On decaying matter, like damp hay

50
Q

What is the site of infection for Stomoxys calcitrans?

A

Generalized

51
Q

Is a pathogenesis associated with Stomoxys calcitrans?

A

Yes. Can transmit disease organisms

52
Q

What are some clinical signs of Stomoxys calcitrans infection?

A

Increased head and ear movement
Skin twitches
Tail swishes

53
Q

How is Stomoxys calcitrans diagnosed?

A

ID the fly

54
Q

How do you treat and prevent Stomoxys calcitrans?

A

Screens, sanitation, insecticides
TREAT the horse and the environment
DO NOT treat compost.

55
Q

Why would you not want to treat the compost in a Stomoxys calcitrans infestation?

A

Because there may be natural controllers of Stomoxys calcitrans, and you would ruin the balance.

56
Q

What is the common name of Culicoides spp.?

A

Biting midges

No See Ums

57
Q

How big are Culicoides spp. adults?

A

TINY 1.5- 5mm

58
Q

Describe the appearance of Culicoides spp.

A

Only females suck blood
Dark and light patches on mottled wings
Long and slender antennae
Short, piercing proboscis

59
Q

Where would you find Culicoides spp. eggs?

A

Damp, marshy ground

Pupae will be at the edge of the water

60
Q

T or F: Culicoides spp. males and females both suck blood.

A

False. Only females suck blood

61
Q

What is the site of infection for Culicoides spp.?

A

Generalized

62
Q

Is there pathogenesis associated with Culicoides spp.?

A

Yes, can transmit protozoa, helminths (Onchocerca) and viruses.

63
Q

Is the bite of Culicoides spp. painful? What does the bite cause in some horses?

A

YES. Some horses have an allergic rxn

64
Q

How is Culicoides spp. diagnosed?

A

ID the fly

65
Q

What is the common name for Tabanus spp.?

A

Horsefly/ Gadfly

66
Q

What does the Tabanus spp. look like?

A

Stout body, 10-50 mm

67
Q

What kind of mouthparts does Tabanus spp. have?

A

Slashing and sponging

68
Q

Where would you find Tabanus spp. eggs?

A

in muddy or marshy areas

69
Q

How long is the whole cycle of Tabanus spp.?

A

4-5 months

70
Q

What is the site of infection for Tabanus spp.?

A

Generalized

71
Q

How is Tabanus spp. unique in regards to its feeding habits?

A

Has a painful bite
Will feed during the day
Several small meals- Interrupted feeding behavior
Prefer dark objects and will bite through colored clothing

72
Q

How does Tabanus spp. locate its host?

A

Through vision and CO2

73
Q

What does the interrupted feeding behavior of Tabanus spp. increase the likelihood of?

A

Being mechanical vectors of disease

74
Q

What are clinical signs associated with Tabanus spp.?

75
Q

What is the common name of Chrysops spp.?

76
Q

What are some characteristics of Chrysops spp. appearance?

A

Elongate antennae

Dark bands on wings

77
Q

What is unique about the feeding behavior of Chrysops spp.?

A

It bites horses in the shade, so horses will stand in the sun to avoid it
Painful bite

78
Q

How is Chrysops spp. diagnosed?

A

ID the fly, take shade into consideration

79
Q

How is Chrysops spp. treated?

A

Insecticides and repellents

RUSVM Parasitology (5 decks)

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