Equine Nutrition I Flashcards
1
Q
what is a challenge in equine nutrition
A
separate feeding of forage and grain; we typically feed horses separate forage and concentrate
2
Q
horses type of digestive system
A
non-ruminant herbivore
3
Q
type of digestion in horses foregut
A
enzymatic digestion (stomach and small intestine)
4
Q
horses hindgut digestion
A
fermentative digestion; large intestine
5
Q
what is the main cause of Gas/colic in horses
A
overloading hindgut with too much soluble CHO.
6
Q
what are the required nutrients
A
energy protein vitamins minerals water
7
Q
energy
A
from CHO, Fats, Protein, VFA
8
Q
protein
A
specific amino acids for growth, reproduction, lactation
9
Q
what is crude proteins?
A
percent nitrogen
10
Q
fat soluble vitamins
A
KADE
11
Q
water soluble viatmins
A
B vitamins
12
Q
Major minerals
A
Ca and P, NaCl
13
Q
Trace minerals
A
required in lessor amounts, still very important
14
Q
water
A
the most important nutrient
15
Q
components of a horse diet include
A
forage and concentrates
16
Q
forage includes
A
pasture, hay, etc
17
Q
concentrates include
A
energy (oats, corn, barley)
protein (SBM, CSM)
additives (minerals, vitamins)
supplements
18
Q
water intake is determined by what
A
dry matter intake
19
Q
in balanced rations we must consider what?
A
nutrient requirements and nutrient to calorie ratios
20
Q
_______ is the foundation of the equine diet
A
forage
21
Q
why is forage important
A
provides daily nutrient requirments
maintains integrity of GI tract
minimizes vices
22
Q
how much forage should a horse be eating
A
minimum 0/75% BW/day
Recommend 1% BW/day
mature horses can consume 2-3% BW/day
23
Q
by 12 months of age a horse is ___% of weight. height, bone growth
A
60% mature weight
90% mature height
95% bone growth
24
Q
what are the factors affecting growth
A
genetics and environment (nutrition an dmanagement)
25
genetics propensity for
rapid early growth
26
nutrition determines
rate of growth and quality of growth
27
managment includes
type of exercise; no exercise
28
developmental orthopedic disease include
angular limb deformity, OCD, physitis
29
what are the causes of developmental orthopedic disease
genetics, nutrition, exercise, growth spurts
30
what is OCD
osteochondritis dissecans; refer to bone diseases of young horses in which cartilage fails to mature properly.
31
physitis
inflammation of the growth plates in the long bones of growing foals
32
in the last 3 months of pregnancy, there is ____% of minaral retention and skeletal development by the unborn foal
65%
33
feeding mares a balanced feed with adequate mineral decreases severity of
developmental orthopedic disease in foals
34
what do you feed mares?
free-choice 12/12 mineral
35
when does milk production in mares start to decline
at 3 months after foaling
36
foals are normally weaned when?
at 4-5 months; not gettting adequate nutrients from the mother's milk anymore
37
what is bone composed of
protien, calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals
38
bone density increases by ____ from 15 days to 135 days of age
52%
39
skeletal maturation or pead bone mass is probably not reached until
4-6 years of age
40
what will increase bone density
exercise conditioning with higher mineral intake
41
higher incidences of DOD may be caused by
lack of, or improper exercises as well as nutritional imbalances
42
what has more effect on growth rate than any other nutrient
protein intake
43
protein _____ more important than protien ______
quality; quantity
44
what proteins are high quality protiens
SBM, Milk proteins, fish meal
45
what are lower in lysine
CSM, PM, LM, SFM
46
______ may also be low
secondary limiting AA
47
Nutrient to calorie ratio expressed in
units/Mcal
48
what are included in nutrient to calorie ratios
protein, lysine, calcium, phosphorus, trace minerals
49
based on nutrients, you can change the way horses grow by either
growing less skeleton and more fat or more skeleton and less fat (balanced diet had increased skeleton and less fat)
50
how much does it cost to feed a horse?
800-1500/year
51
what are some challneges in equine nutrition
size and breed differences
owners feed by volume, not weight
separate feeding of forage and grain
52
why use caution with Vitamin D supplementation
can be toxic at 10x the daily amount (very easy to overdose)
53
reduced water intake opens up possibility for
impaction colic
54
in mares, you want the calcium phosphorous ratio to be
1.5:1
55
if Ca: P imbalance, it will lead to
metabolic bone disease
56
iron can cause problems
zinc deficiency created by excessive iron; iron causes failur of absorption of zinc
57
______ mineral can be toxic at low levels
selenium
58
organic minerals are bound to
an amino acid, peptide, or protein; but most commonly bound to an amino acid in hopes for better absorption across gut wall
59
a key issue is
hay variation
60
grass hay is _____ protien
2 to 15%
61
grass hay is _____ ca; ____ P
0.4% Ca, 0.2% P
62
alfalfa hay is _____ protein
13-25%
63
alfalfa hay is ___ Ca and ____ P
1.5-2% Ca; 0.2% P
64
nutrient recommendations for weanling
```
CP 676 G
lysine 29.1 g
DE 15.5 Mcal
Ca 38.6 g
P 21.5 g
```
65
nutrient recommendations for yearling
```
CP 853 g
lysine 36.1 g
DE 22.1 Mcal
CA 37.0 g
P 20.6 g
```
66
feed program for weanlings
feed a 16% crude protein ration which is specifically formulated for weanlings at 1 1/4 to 1 3/4 % of body weight
67
weanling: good quality grass hay or grass/alfalfa mix at ____ body weight
3/4%
68
weanling: if feeding low quality (
1/2 to 3/4 lb
69
wenaling concentrate hay ratio
70:30
70
feed program for yearlings
feed a 14% crude protein balanced ration at a rate of 1 to 1.5% of body weight (less concentrate more hay)
71
yearling: feed good quality ___ or mixture of ____
grass hay or mixture of grass: alfalfa
72
yearling needs plenty of
free exercise
73
if yearling out of pasture, provide additional
free-choice loose mineral (12/12 mineral, 15-20% NaCl
74
what should be the basis for formulating rations for young horses
nutrient to calorie ratios
75
trace minerals must be in the proper relationship to
energy intake
76
producers should be cautious about adding ____ to balanced rations for young growing horses
fat
77
control growth rate by adjusting
total energy intake while maintaining nutrient to calorie ratios
78
carefully monitor ____ and ____
growth rates and feed intake
79
provide daily free
exercise
80
at peak lactation, a broodmare is producint ____ milk/day
30-35 lbs
81
broodmare protein needs incrase by
120%
82
broodmare energy needs increase by
70%
83
broodmare calcium needs incease by
180%
84
broodmare phosphorus needs increase by
160%
85
body condition score is an indication of
degree of fat cover and % body fat
86
body fat storage important to
fuel physiological functions
87
BCS in horses range
1 to 9
88
review BCS
x
89
Effects of BCS on reproductive performance in mares
increasing body condition throughout the breeding season took 2.8 cycles to get mares to foal;
90
what is recommended foaling BCS
6 (the mare will decrease in BCS during lactation)
91
benefits of maintaining proper BCS
```
cycle earlier
fewer cycles per conception
higher pregnancy rate
maintain pregnancy more easily
no benefit to BCS >77
```
92
suggested concentrate for 1100 lb broodmare in lactation
?
93
amount of supplemental feed required for gestating and lactating mares
?
94
_______% of 2 year olds get injured
50-80
95
____ of catastrophic injuries are musculoskeletal
80%
96
lameness accounts for ____ of lost days in training
70%
97
many injuries result from
poor quality bone and/or preexisting micro injuries
98
these are often caused by errors in
training and/or imbalanced feeding programs
99
bone is weakest at ____ days of training
50-60
100
when bone remodels,
we pull Ca and Ph out of bone and then put it back
101
buck shin
damage to periosteum in front part of cannon bone caused by micro fx; prevalent in young racehorses
102
waiting until ____ before introducing significant speed work you can practically eliminate buck shins in race horses
110-120 days
103
work requires
energy
104
stored energy sources include
```
CP
ATP
Glucose in the blood,muscle
glycogen in muscle
glycogen in liver
FFA in blood
fats in adipose tissue
```
105
one of the keys to improving performance is
muscle glycogen storage
106
glucose chains
animal starch
107
stored level of glycogen has direct effect on
amount of work which can be done
108
storage can be improved by
exercise and diet
109
muscle glycogen content changes during 2 wk of training
36-48 hours complete repletion of muscle glycogen once its been depleted; can significantly increase muscle glycogen with exercise; horse begins to adapt and system begins to store more muscle glycogen
110
will see significant increase in muscle glycogen storage after
28 days wehn conditioning at a gallop
111
muscle glycogen in SB horses
horses fed high CHO diet still had as muc muscle glycogen as horse on standard diet but without exercise
112
horses fed CHO diet had longer time until
fatigued
113
what affects muscle glycogen?
exercise and diet
114
exercise
as little as 30 days of galloping 2 1/4 miles per day increases muscle glycogen
115
diet
feeding a low starch, high fiber, high fat diet decreases glycogen
feeding high starch following a depletion will increse glycogen levels
feeding high fat diets with high CHO diets will increase muscle glycogen
116
1 lb of fat = ____ CHO
2.25 times the energy value as 1 lb of CHO
117
.44 lb fat =
1 lb CHO
118
what are the benefits of high fat diets
improves hair coat
improves athletic performance due to increased muscle glycogen storage due to glycogen sparing
allows longer work periods
decreases heat of fermentation; lowering thermal load
allows the feedin gof high energy diets without CHO overload
less pounds of concentrate required which decreases the weight of ingesta
119
daily feeding recommendations to meet energy needs
blah
120
feeding of horses
is OUTSOURCED dumbies done know nothing
121
some of the problems
```
feed crews arrive late, leave early
not following instructins
no guidance
fail to communicate
hay quality suspect
feed trough numbers, size and location
abrupt changes in feeding systems
```
122
teach feed crews to
report problems and look at all horses when feeding
123
increased risk of colic with
```
abnormal feeding icidents
accidental overfeeding
irregualr feeding times
moldy feed or hay
restricted water
combined effects
change in type of hay
change in housing
change in activity
```
124
hay factors related to colic include
```
hay quality (poor quality, low digestibility)
change in batch or type of hay
```
125
feeding hay on ground predisposes horses to
enteroliths
sand colic
cross-contamination
(30% colic in US)
126
corn is ___ fiber
2%; 1600 kcal energy
127
10% fiber; 1200 kcal energy
| alf. pellets
24% fiber; 1000 kcal energy
128
all may weigh the same but not the same!
x
129
high fiber, fat supplemented low CHO feed cannot support
hard work; wont provide for glycogen sparing;
130
beet pulp based diets
wont provide the CHO substrate needed
131
sweet feed
textured
132
pellet
various size and densities
133
extruded
looks like dog food
134
single grains
unbalanced
135
rate of intake
pellets consumed quicker
sweet feed in the middle
exruded feeds consumed much more slowly
136
make all ration changes ____
gradually
137
follow good management practices
```
routine deworming
vaccinations, tooth care
daily exercise
feed 2x per day if concentrate exceeds 1/2% BW
feed individually
keep containers clean
keep manure picked up
inspect horses daily
```
138
selecting formulated feeds need to consider
```
age, use of horse
forage program
form (textured vs pellets)
availability of concentrate
read label and feed directions
NO SUPPLEMENT
```
139
select high quality concentrate from
a reliable company
