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Nutrition I > Equine Nutrition I > Flashcards

Equine Nutrition I Flashcards

1
Q

what is a challenge in equine nutrition

A

separate feeding of forage and grain; we typically feed horses separate forage and concentrate

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2
Q

horses type of digestive system

A

non-ruminant herbivore

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3
Q

type of digestion in horses foregut

A

enzymatic digestion (stomach and small intestine)

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4
Q

horses hindgut digestion

A

fermentative digestion; large intestine

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5
Q

what is the main cause of Gas/colic in horses

A

overloading hindgut with too much soluble CHO.

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6
Q

what are the required nutrients

A 
energy
protein
vitamins
minerals
water
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7
Q

energy

A

from CHO, Fats, Protein, VFA

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8
Q

protein

A

specific amino acids for growth, reproduction, lactation

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9
Q

what is crude proteins?

A

percent nitrogen

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10
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

KADE

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11
Q

water soluble viatmins

A

B vitamins

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12
Q

Major minerals

A

Ca and P, NaCl

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13
Q

Trace minerals

A

required in lessor amounts, still very important

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14
Q

water

A

the most important nutrient

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15
Q

components of a horse diet include

A

forage and concentrates

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16
Q

forage includes

A

pasture, hay, etc

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17
Q

concentrates include

A

energy (oats, corn, barley)
protein (SBM, CSM)
additives (minerals, vitamins)
supplements

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18
Q

water intake is determined by what

A

dry matter intake

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19
Q

in balanced rations we must consider what?

A

nutrient requirements and nutrient to calorie ratios

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20
Q

_______ is the foundation of the equine diet

A

forage

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21
Q

why is forage important

A

provides daily nutrient requirments
maintains integrity of GI tract
minimizes vices

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22
Q

how much forage should a horse be eating

A

minimum 0/75% BW/day
Recommend 1% BW/day
mature horses can consume 2-3% BW/day

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23
Q

by 12 months of age a horse is ___% of weight. height, bone growth

A

60% mature weight
90% mature height
95% bone growth

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24
Q

what are the factors affecting growth

A

genetics and environment (nutrition an dmanagement)

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25
Q

genetics propensity for

A

rapid early growth

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26
Q

nutrition determines

A

rate of growth and quality of growth

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27
Q

managment includes

A

type of exercise; no exercise

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28
Q

developmental orthopedic disease include

A

angular limb deformity, OCD, physitis

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29
Q

what are the causes of developmental orthopedic disease

A

genetics, nutrition, exercise, growth spurts

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30
Q

what is OCD

A

osteochondritis dissecans; refer to bone diseases of young horses in which cartilage fails to mature properly.

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31
Q

physitis

A

inflammation of the growth plates in the long bones of growing foals

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32
Q

in the last 3 months of pregnancy, there is ____% of minaral retention and skeletal development by the unborn foal

A

65%

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33
Q

feeding mares a balanced feed with adequate mineral decreases severity of

A

developmental orthopedic disease in foals

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34
Q

what do you feed mares?

A

free-choice 12/12 mineral

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35
Q

when does milk production in mares start to decline

A

at 3 months after foaling

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36
Q

foals are normally weaned when?

A

at 4-5 months; not gettting adequate nutrients from the mother’s milk anymore

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37
Q

what is bone composed of

A

protien, calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals

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38
Q

bone density increases by ____ from 15 days to 135 days of age

A

52%

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39
Q

skeletal maturation or pead bone mass is probably not reached until

A

4-6 years of age

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40
Q

what will increase bone density

A

exercise conditioning with higher mineral intake

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41
Q

higher incidences of DOD may be caused by

A

lack of, or improper exercises as well as nutritional imbalances

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42
Q

what has more effect on growth rate than any other nutrient

A

protein intake

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43
Q

protein _____ more important than protien ______

A

quality; quantity

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44
Q

what proteins are high quality protiens

A

SBM, Milk proteins, fish meal

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45
Q

what are lower in lysine

A

CSM, PM, LM, SFM

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46
Q

______ may also be low

A

secondary limiting AA

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47
Q

Nutrient to calorie ratio expressed in

A

units/Mcal

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48
Q

what are included in nutrient to calorie ratios

A

protein, lysine, calcium, phosphorus, trace minerals

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49
Q

based on nutrients, you can change the way horses grow by either

A

growing less skeleton and more fat or more skeleton and less fat (balanced diet had increased skeleton and less fat)

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50
Q

how much does it cost to feed a horse?

A

800-1500/year

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51
Q

what are some challneges in equine nutrition

A

size and breed differences
owners feed by volume, not weight
separate feeding of forage and grain

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52
Q

why use caution with Vitamin D supplementation

A

can be toxic at 10x the daily amount (very easy to overdose)

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53
Q

reduced water intake opens up possibility for

A

impaction colic

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54
Q

in mares, you want the calcium phosphorous ratio to be

A

1.5:1

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55
Q

if Ca: P imbalance, it will lead to

A

metabolic bone disease

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56
Q

iron can cause problems

A

zinc deficiency created by excessive iron; iron causes failur of absorption of zinc

57
Q

______ mineral can be toxic at low levels

A

selenium

58
Q

organic minerals are bound to

A

an amino acid, peptide, or protein; but most commonly bound to an amino acid in hopes for better absorption across gut wall

59
Q

a key issue is

A

hay variation

60
Q

grass hay is _____ protien

A

2 to 15%

61
Q

grass hay is _____ ca; ____ P

A

0.4% Ca, 0.2% P

62
Q

alfalfa hay is _____ protein

A

13-25%

63
Q

alfalfa hay is ___ Ca and ____ P

A

1.5-2% Ca; 0.2% P

64
Q

nutrient recommendations for weanling

A 
CP 676 G
lysine 29.1 g
DE 15.5 Mcal
Ca 38.6 g
P 21.5 g
65
Q

nutrient recommendations for yearling

A 
CP 853 g
lysine 36.1 g
DE 22.1 Mcal
CA 37.0 g
P 20.6 g
66
Q

feed program for weanlings

A

feed a 16% crude protein ration which is specifically formulated for weanlings at 1 1/4 to 1 3/4 % of body weight

67
Q

weanling: good quality grass hay or grass/alfalfa mix at ____ body weight

A

3/4%

68
Q

weanling: if feeding low quality (

A

1/2 to 3/4 lb

69
Q

wenaling concentrate hay ratio

A

70:30

70
Q

feed program for yearlings

A

feed a 14% crude protein balanced ration at a rate of 1 to 1.5% of body weight (less concentrate more hay)

71
Q

yearling: feed good quality ___ or mixture of ____

A

grass hay or mixture of grass: alfalfa

72
Q

yearling needs plenty of

A

free exercise

73
Q

if yearling out of pasture, provide additional

A

free-choice loose mineral (12/12 mineral, 15-20% NaCl

74
Q

what should be the basis for formulating rations for young horses

A

nutrient to calorie ratios

75
Q

trace minerals must be in the proper relationship to

A

energy intake

76
Q

producers should be cautious about adding ____ to balanced rations for young growing horses

A

fat

77
Q

control growth rate by adjusting

A

total energy intake while maintaining nutrient to calorie ratios

78
Q

carefully monitor ____ and ____

A

growth rates and feed intake

79
Q

provide daily free

A

exercise

80
Q

at peak lactation, a broodmare is producint ____ milk/day

A

30-35 lbs

81
Q

broodmare protein needs incrase by

A

120%

82
Q

broodmare energy needs increase by

A

70%

83
Q

broodmare calcium needs incease by

A

180%

84
Q

broodmare phosphorus needs increase by

A

160%

85
Q

body condition score is an indication of

A

degree of fat cover and % body fat

86
Q

body fat storage important to

A

fuel physiological functions

87
Q

BCS in horses range

A

1 to 9

88
Q

review BCS

A

x

89
Q

Effects of BCS on reproductive performance in mares

A

increasing body condition throughout the breeding season took 2.8 cycles to get mares to foal;

90
Q

what is recommended foaling BCS

A

6 (the mare will decrease in BCS during lactation)

91
Q

benefits of maintaining proper BCS

A 
cycle earlier
fewer cycles per conception
higher pregnancy rate
maintain pregnancy more easily
no benefit to BCS >77
92
Q

suggested concentrate for 1100 lb broodmare in lactation

A

?

93
Q

amount of supplemental feed required for gestating and lactating mares

A

?

94
Q

_______% of 2 year olds get injured

A

50-80

95
Q

____ of catastrophic injuries are musculoskeletal

A

80%

96
Q

lameness accounts for ____ of lost days in training

A

70%

97
Q

many injuries result from

A

poor quality bone and/or preexisting micro injuries

98
Q

these are often caused by errors in

A

training and/or imbalanced feeding programs

99
Q

bone is weakest at ____ days of training

A

50-60

100
Q

when bone remodels,

A

we pull Ca and Ph out of bone and then put it back

101
Q

buck shin

A

damage to periosteum in front part of cannon bone caused by micro fx; prevalent in young racehorses

102
Q

waiting until ____ before introducing significant speed work you can practically eliminate buck shins in race horses

A

110-120 days

103
Q

work requires

A

energy

104
Q

stored energy sources include

A 
CP
ATP
Glucose in the blood,muscle
glycogen in muscle
glycogen in liver
FFA in blood
fats in adipose tissue
105
Q

one of the keys to improving performance is

A

muscle glycogen storage

106
Q

glucose chains

A

animal starch

107
Q

stored level of glycogen has direct effect on

A

amount of work which can be done

108
Q

storage can be improved by

A

exercise and diet

109
Q

muscle glycogen content changes during 2 wk of training

A

36-48 hours complete repletion of muscle glycogen once its been depleted; can significantly increase muscle glycogen with exercise; horse begins to adapt and system begins to store more muscle glycogen

110
Q

will see significant increase in muscle glycogen storage after

A

28 days wehn conditioning at a gallop

111
Q

muscle glycogen in SB horses

A

horses fed high CHO diet still had as muc muscle glycogen as horse on standard diet but without exercise

112
Q

horses fed CHO diet had longer time until

A

fatigued

113
Q

what affects muscle glycogen?

A

exercise and diet

114
Q

exercise

A

as little as 30 days of galloping 2 1/4 miles per day increases muscle glycogen

115
Q

diet

A

feeding a low starch, high fiber, high fat diet decreases glycogen
feeding high starch following a depletion will increse glycogen levels
feeding high fat diets with high CHO diets will increase muscle glycogen

116
Q

1 lb of fat = ____ CHO

A

2.25 times the energy value as 1 lb of CHO

117
Q

.44 lb fat =

A

1 lb CHO

118
Q

what are the benefits of high fat diets

A

improves hair coat
improves athletic performance due to increased muscle glycogen storage due to glycogen sparing
allows longer work periods
decreases heat of fermentation; lowering thermal load
allows the feedin gof high energy diets without CHO overload
less pounds of concentrate required which decreases the weight of ingesta

119
Q

daily feeding recommendations to meet energy needs

A

blah

120
Q

feeding of horses

A

is OUTSOURCED dumbies done know nothing

121
Q

some of the problems

A 
feed crews arrive late, leave early
not following instructins
no guidance
fail to communicate
hay quality suspect
feed trough numbers, size and location
abrupt changes in feeding systems
122
Q

teach feed crews to

A

report problems and look at all horses when feeding

123
Q

increased risk of colic with

A 
abnormal feeding icidents
accidental overfeeding
irregualr feeding times
moldy feed or hay
restricted water
combined effects
change in type of hay
change in housing
change in activity
124
Q

hay factors related to colic include

A 
hay quality (poor quality, low digestibility)
change in batch or type of hay
125
Q

feeding hay on ground predisposes horses to

A

enteroliths
sand colic
cross-contamination
(30% colic in US)

126
Q

corn is ___ fiber

A

2%; 1600 kcal energy

127
Q

10% fiber; 1200 kcal energy

alf. pellets

A

24% fiber; 1000 kcal energy

128
Q

all may weigh the same but not the same!

A

x

129
Q

high fiber, fat supplemented low CHO feed cannot support

A

hard work; wont provide for glycogen sparing;

130
Q

beet pulp based diets

A

wont provide the CHO substrate needed

131
Q

sweet feed

A

textured

132
Q

pellet

A

various size and densities

133
Q

extruded

A

looks like dog food

134
Q

single grains

A

unbalanced

135
Q

rate of intake

A

pellets consumed quicker
sweet feed in the middle
exruded feeds consumed much more slowly

136
Q

make all ration changes ____

A

gradually

137
Q

follow good management practices

A 
routine deworming
vaccinations, tooth care
daily exercise
feed 2x per day if concentrate exceeds 1/2% BW
feed individually
keep containers clean
keep manure picked up
inspect horses daily
138
Q

selecting formulated feeds need to consider

A 
age, use of horse
forage program
form (textured vs pellets)
availability of concentrate
read label and feed directions
NO SUPPLEMENT
139
Q

select high quality concentrate from

A

a reliable company

Nutrition I (5 decks)

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