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Nutrition I > beef cattle nutrition > Flashcards

beef cattle nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common reason producers consult food animal veterinarians

A 
disease diagnosis or treatment
disease prevention
information on nutrition
information on production management
financial or production analysis
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2
Q

what weight are beef cattle considered to have a fully functioning rumen

A

4 cwt (400lbs) because we wean at 500-600 lbs; so rumen needs to be fully functional prior to that

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3
Q

what is the purpose of rumen bacteria

A

they are a major source of protein for the cow;

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4
Q

what is the benefit of secondary rumen contraction

A

moves gas for eructation

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5
Q

why is the ruminant important

A

their ability to convert on untillable land

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6
Q

how much does a baby calf weigh when born?

A

80lbs

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7
Q

preruminant calf % of rumen

A

25%

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8
Q

preruminant calf % of abomasum

A

60%

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9
Q

heifer at weaning % of rumen

A

80%

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10
Q

heifer at weaning % of abomasum

A

7%

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11
Q

what is in the rumen

A

bacteria smaller than fungi smaller than protozoa

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12
Q

rumen motility

A

mixing
movement to omasum
rumination
eructation

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13
Q

how does the rumen get established?

A

esophageal groove closed so bypasses rumen in young animals (can bypass in adult by using copper sulfate); if esophageal groove does not close in bab calves it can cause bloat by getting milk into rumen;

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14
Q

what can cause the esophageal groove to not close

A

vagal nerve being pinched by mediastinal lymph nodes which prevent innervation of GIT and thus groove does not close properly (pneumonia can cause enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes)

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15
Q

what is the size of the rumen

A

40-60 gallons

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16
Q

how much saliva is produced per day

A

100-190 liters per day

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17
Q

what does saliva contain

A

Na bicarbonate

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18
Q

how much gas is produced per day

A

30-50 Liters per day

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19
Q

bacteria classified on

A

their actions (bacteria>protozoa>fungi)

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20
Q

what is the function of primary contractions

A

mixing and stratification

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21
Q

how many primary contractions occur

A

2 primary contractions in 3 minutes

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22
Q

what are the layers of the contents of rumen

A

gases
todays hay
grain and yesterdays hay

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23
Q

what stimulates primary contractions

A

low tension stretch receptors in reticulum
cold
eating and chewing

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24
Q

what causes depression of primary contractions

A

systemic disease
lack of stimulators
failure of vagal pathway
increased inhibitors- pain, fever, distension, VFAs, endotoxins hypocalcemia

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25
Q

why does high VFA decrease primary contractions

A

if VFA high, dont need anymore so contractions are depressed

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26
Q

what is the function of secondary contractions

A

associated with eructation, increases with distension

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27
Q

if gas is pressuring, they will want to have

A

secondary contractions

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28
Q

what is primary bloat

A

something stuck in esophagus and animal cant eructate

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29
Q

what is rumination

A

cud chewing; regurgitation, remastication, resalivation, deglutition

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30
Q

rumination occurs ____ a day

A

8 hours a day;

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31
Q

rumination increases with

A

more fibrous roughage

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32
Q

if you feed at 6 pm

A

calves will be born in the morning

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33
Q

where are VFAs abosrbed

A

rumen

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34
Q

unfermented CHO are converted to sugars in the

A

abomasum and intestines

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35
Q

mehtane in rumen lost by

A

gasses; eructation

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36
Q

carbon dioxide in rumen

A

lost through eructation

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37
Q

what is taken in by tissues

A

VFAs and sugars

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38
Q

acetic acid

A

oxidized in throughout the body; lipid synthesis (butter fat: jersey cows used for cheese and ice cream)

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39
Q

proprionic acid

A

major substrate for gluconeogenesis; critical because small amount of glucose reaches small intestines

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40
Q

butyric acid

A

oxidized in many tissues for energy production

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41
Q

DIP

A

degradable intake protein

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42
Q

UIP

A

undegradable intake protein

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43
Q

microbial protien

A

x

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44
Q

metabolizable protein

A

urea, soybean, cotton seed meal

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45
Q

protein degraded in rumen becomes

A

ammonia

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46
Q

ammonia becomes

A

microbial protien or absorbed in blood

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47
Q

ammonia absorbed in blood becomes

A

into the liver to become urea

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48
Q

urea becomes

A

excreted in saliva or taken up into rumen or excreted in urine

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49
Q

microbial protein becomes

A

protein in abomasum and intestine

50
Q

protein in abomasum and intestine becomes

A

undigestable or degraded into amino acids

51
Q

amino acids becomes

A

absorbed into blood and taken to liver

52
Q

amino acid in liver becomes

A

used for tissue metabolism or converted to urea

53
Q

Urea and NPN sources in rumen become

A

ammonia in rumen

54
Q

degradable intake protein –>

A

microbial protein

55
Q

undegradable intake protein –>

A

bypass protein

56
Q

metabolizable protein includes

A

UIP and microbial protein

57
Q

what happens to the rumen in an anorexic cow

A

becomes alkalotic

58
Q

why????

A

more sodium bicarbonate being produced from saliva than acid from food

59
Q

how do you obtain a rumen fluid sample

A

rumenocentesis; from right side, low on right side; 18 gauge needle
nasogastric tube

60
Q

physical characteristics of rumen

A

color, consistency, odor, sedimentation test

61
Q

chemical test of rumen

A

pH and methylene blue

62
Q

acidosis occurs when

A

ph reaches 5.5 or less;

63
Q

normal rumen ph is

A

5.5 - 7

64
Q

if eating grass instead of grain, ph is more

A

alkalotic

65
Q

microscopic exam

A

qualitative: activity of protozoa
quantitative: numbers of protozoa

66
Q

methylene blue reduction test

A

2-6 minutes is adequate bacteria are present

10+ minutes inadequate bacteria present

67
Q

how many pounds of feed do they need to get 1 lb of gain

A

6 lbs

68
Q

pasture can be

A

native or improved

69
Q

can add

A

mineral supplement and water

70
Q

what is rangeland

A

not improved

71
Q

how long is the winter feeding program?

A

about four months

72
Q

basic cattle feeding

A

hay or pasture plus supplement

73
Q

advanced cattl efeeding

A

hay or pasture plus stockpiled hay; add rye grass

74
Q

late fall to early winter feed

A

stockpiled hay

75
Q

winter pastures

A

oats and rye

76
Q

grass is back in

A

april 15th and cows can be put back on pasture

77
Q

forage assessment

A

sampling of pasture and hay

78
Q

nutreint analysis

A

want to sample from everything cows are eating including stockpiled hay from each pasture and pasture

79
Q

???????

A

???????

80
Q

what compoents on a forage analysis report signfies energy

A

TDN

81
Q

WHAT IS ADF

A

Acid detergent fiber

82
Q

digestibility of ADF

A

lignin, cellulose, silica, etc

83
Q

hi adf

A

low digestibility

84
Q

what is ndf

A

neutral detergent fiber

85
Q

fiber component so effects

A

DMI

86
Q

NDF increases with

A

maturity of the plant

87
Q

increase NDF

A

decrease intake

88
Q

???????

A

????????

89
Q

BCS 1

A

skeleton

90
Q

BCS 5

A

not thin/not fat; cant see ribs

91
Q

BCS 9

A

obese

92
Q

why should you BCS in a beef herd

A

to monitor nutrition program
identify causes of low fertility
calculate economic losses of thin cows

93
Q

BCS 5 cows

A

90% pregnant

94
Q

BCS 4 cows

A

75% production of BCS 5.5

95
Q

BCS 3 cows

A

50% production of BCS 5.5 cows

96
Q

thin cows vs good body condition cows

A

lower calf survival
lower weaning weights
lower pregnancy rates

97
Q

first calf heifers should be

A

6.0 at calving

98
Q

mature cows should be

A

5.0 at calving

99
Q

what are the key times to BCS beef cows

A

onset of calving
onset of breeding
mid-summer
pregnancy exxams

100
Q

protein status cowpattyology

A

piled high= a lot of fiber

diarrhea with white spots = acidosis

101
Q

what is most important in beef cattle nutrition

A

protein

102
Q

winter feeding is based on

A

protein needs

103
Q

cows are protein deficient in the

A

winter tiem

104
Q

what is the most costly portion of a nutrition program

A

protein

105
Q

winter feeding program

A

basic forage nutrient content
estimate dry matter intake (2-2.5% body weight)
calculate amounts of nutrients supplied
compare to NRC nutrient requirments
determine deficiencies/excesses
design a supplement to correct deficiencies

106
Q

determine feed intake by

A

actual consumption or estimates of daily DMI

107
Q

actual consumption

A

weighing feedstuffs; observation of consumption

108
Q

estimates of DMI based on

A

percentages of body weight

109
Q

1.5-2 bales of hay is what you need to hold back for cattle for winter

A

x

110
Q

what happens when protein is added?

A

12% of rumen is working perfectly; if too low, add protein and bacteria start working better

111
Q

nrc nutrient requirment table

A

?

112
Q

beef cow nutrient requirements is based on

A 
period of reproductive cycle
BCS
age
cow size
milk production
environment
113
Q

two supplement levels are

A

late gestation

early lactation

114
Q

late gestation is

A

increasing BCS (will decline after parturition so make sure it is high)

115
Q

early lactation is

A

maintaining BCS

116
Q

cattle groups

A

young, old, and thin

mature, good BCS

117
Q

time of day to feed supplement

A

noon to early afternoon

after 6 pm

118
Q

positive associative effects of protein supplementation

A

rumen microbes need adequate protein to function properly
digestibility of forage increases (2-6%) with protein supplemenation until dietary protein is 8%
DMI increases 20-40%

119
Q

negative associative effects of energy supplementation

A

excess energy lowers rumen PH and impairs rumen microbes
forage digestibility and DMI decreases
occurs with energy supplementation over 0.4% of body weigh
~5 lbs of grain/breeders cubes per cow

120
Q

what is the number one mistake producers make

A

feed corn and not fulfill protein supplement

Nutrition I (5 decks)

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