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5th year equine > equine neurology > Flashcards

equine neurology Flashcards

1
Q

what are signs of forebrain disease in equine

A

aggression, compulsive walking, yawning, loss of learnt behaviour

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2
Q

what are possible causes of equine neurological diseases

A

trauma
metabolic
intra carotid injection
cholestrol granuloma
infectious meningioenchephalitis
neoplasia

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3
Q

what is the other cause of metabolic neurological disease in horses other than hepatic encephalopathy

A

intestinal hyperammonaemia
eneteritis/colitis resulting in increased intestinal permeability

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4
Q

when are seizures mostly seen

A

foals with perinatal asphyxia syndrome

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5
Q

what are the clinical signs of facial nerve injury and how does this often occur

A

dropped ear, ptosis, nostril deviation.
often iatrogenic due to head collar being left on during anaesthesia.

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6
Q

what cranial nerve tests will be negative as a result of facial nerve paralysis

A

corneal reflex,palpebral

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7
Q

what could be some pernament deficits of facial nerve injury

A

exposure keratitis, dysphagia, poor performance due to nostril collapse

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8
Q

what is horners syndrome

A

interruption of sympathetic innervation to the head and neck

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9
Q

common cause of horners syndrome in horses

A

extravascular injection of toxic substance such as buscopan or butazone

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10
Q

signs of horners

A

miosis (constricted pupils)
enopthalmos (sunken eyes)
ptosis
sweating *
hyperaemic membranes

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11
Q

what is cauda equina syndrome

A

stenosis of the nerves of the caudal spine.

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12
Q

what are the clinical signs of cauda equina syndrome

A

hypotonia
hyporeflexia
hypaglesia
urinary bladder paralysis
rectal dilation
penile prolapse
LMN wweakness or paresis of hindlimbs

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13
Q

what are the causes of cauda equina syndrome

A

sacrococcygeal fracture and luxation
avulsion of cauda equina
polyneuritis equi
equine herpes virus 1

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14
Q

why does EHV-1 cause neurological signs

A

vasculitis and thrombosis of blood supply to spinal chord.

good prognosis with supportive care and anti inflammatories

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15
Q

what is the most common cause of ataxia in the UK

A

wobblers syndrome
(cervical vetrebal malformation)

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16
Q

what is wobblers

A

narrowing of the cervical vertrebal canal causing compression of the spinal chord.
this is often seen in combination with malaligment and malformation of cervical vertebrae

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17
Q

describe wobblers type 1

A

seen in young horses
compression due to developmental abnormalities
dynamic stenosis at any site

18
Q

describe wobblers type 2

A

seen in older horses
due to osteoerthritis of the articular process
static stenosis
C5-C6 or C6-C7 most commonly affected

19
Q

what is static v dynamic stenosis

A

static= compression of canal regardless of neck position
dynamic=compression dependant on neck position (moves)

20
Q

what measurments to take to diagnose wobblers

A

on x ray measure narrowes part of canal and widest part of vertrebal body. Canal should be 50% or more diameter of body

21
Q

how is wobblers syndrome graded

A

graded 0-5
0=no ataxia
1=minimal deficits, no ataxia
2=mild abnormal gait
3=obious gait
4=very ataxic, sometimes fall over
5=recumbent

22
Q

wobblers treatment

A

surgery
type 1=dietary managment and anti inflamms
type 2=intra articular corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid

23
Q

whate are the two notifiable neurological diseases in horses

A

rabies
west nile virus

24
Q

what toxins cause neurlogical disease in the horse

A

tetanus
botulism
organophosphate

25
Q

describe equine shivers

A

a progressive neuromuscular disorder resulting in reflex hypertonia in flexor muscles of hindlimbs

26
Q

what is hypertonia

A

abnormally high level of muscle tone resulting in decreased range of motion with soreness and twitching of muscles.

27
Q

what horses are predisposed to shivers

A

warmbloods, draught, thoroughbreds

28
Q

clinical signs of shivers

A

pelvic limbs are flexed and held up in spastic space for a while. The clinical signs are worsened when the horse is backed up or turining

29
Q

what is stringhalt

A

sudden involuntary exaggerated flexion of hindlimbs when moving

30
Q

what are the two causes of stringhalt

A
  1. toxin ingestion stringhalt (eg dandelions)
  2. sporadic stringhalt (unkown aetiology)
31
Q

sporadic stringhalt treatment

A

myotenectomy of lateral digital extensor

32
Q

what is seen in a horse with radial nerve injury

A

inability to flex shoulder
occurs due to trauma or lateral recumbancy during anaesthesia

33
Q

what is seen in a horse with suprscapular nerve injury

A

shoulder slip (sweeney)
muscle atrophy of shoulder muscles
abduction of limb an inability to advance shoulder

34
Q

what causes equine motor neurone disease

A

vitamin E deficiency
horses often have a history of being stabled without grass access

35
Q

what are the clinical signs of equine motor neurone

A

weight loss
muscle fasculations
prolonged recumbency
occular signs in 30-40% of cases, brown pigment accumulation in retina

36
Q

how are horses infected with botulism

A

contaminated feed and water with poultry litter/carcasses.
toxin B C and D

37
Q

pathophysiology of botulism

A

toxin blocks release of acetylcholine t pre synaptic membrane.
causes acute flaccid paralysis of skeletal msucle

38
Q

clinical signs of botulism

A

tongue weakness (characteristic)
head held low to the ground

prognosis poor if onset is acute

39
Q

clinical signs of tetanus

A

elevated tail head
anxiousness
stiff gait
lock jaw
dysphagia
3rd eyelid prolapse
recumbency and rigidity

40
Q

what to do with a horse with tetanus

A

place in a low light and low sound room as horses ar hyperexcitable.
keep hydrated and give metronidazole and acepromazine to relax muscles.
50-80% mortality

41
Q
A

5th year equine (10 decks)

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