Equine Neuro Exam

Question 1

Menace

Answer 1

CN II, CN VII, eye, brain

Question 2

PLR

Answer 2

CN II, CN III, eye

Question 3

Dazzle

Answer 3

CN II, eye, brainstem

Question 4

Palpebral Reflex

Answer 4

CN V (optho/maxillary - sensory) , CN VII (facial - motor to muscles of facial expression)

Question 5

Nerves involved in swallowing

Answer 5

Prehension: CN VII (facial)
Jaw tone: CN V (trigeminal)
Protect the airway, initiate swallow:
- CN IX, glossopharyngeal
- CN X, recurrent laryngeal
- CN XI, spinal accessory

Question 6

Describe the Thoracolaryngeal Adductor

Answer 6

Slap the left withers and the right arytenoid abducts.

Slap -> cervical spinal decussation -> contralateral CN X nucleus -> contralateral recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 7

Localizing C1-C5

Answer 7

all four limbs are UMN

Question 8

Localizing C6-T2

Answer 8

thoracic: LMN
pelvic: UMN

Question 9

Localizing T3-L2

Answer 9

thoracic: normal
pelvic: UMN

Question 10

Localizing L3-S3

Answer 10

thoracic: normal thoracic limbs
pelvic: LMN

Question 11

Localizing S3-caudal

Answer 11

no ataxia, urinary incontinence

Question 12

CS of Lesions in the Brain

Answer 12

mentation change, head pressing, circling, central blindness, seizures

Question 13

CS of Lesions in the Brainstem

Answer 13

somnolence +/- obtundation, multiple CN deficits

Question 14

CS of Lesions of the Cerebellum

Answer 14

hypermetria, intention tremors, paradoxical vestibular signs

Question 15

Peripheral and Central have a head tilt and circle __ the lesion while paradoxical has a head tilt and circles __ the lesion

Answer 15

Peripheral and Central have a head tilt and circle towards the lesion while paradoxical has a head tilt and circles away from the lesion

Question 16

how is the nystagmus of paradoxical dz different from central or peripheral?

Answer 16

Its fast phase towards the lesion and variable horizontal/vertical

Question 17

describe the ataxic changes that occur with peripheral, central and paradoxical disease

Answer 17

Peripheral: base wide/staggering

Central: mild/moderate CP deficits

paradoxical: Hypermetria, IPSILATERAL CP defects

Question 18

paradoxical disease affects the __

Answer 18

cerebellum

Question 19

Describe normal Equine CSF

Answer 19

• Clear and colorless
• TNCC < 6 cells/uL
• Protein < 100 mg/dL
• RBC 0-1 cells/uL

Question 20

elevated neutrophilic TNCC

Answer 20

bacterial meningitis

Question 21

elevated mononuclear TNCC

Answer 21

neoplasia or viral meningitis

Question 22

Xanthochromia

Answer 22

Metabolized RBC’s -> vasculitis and trauma

Question 23

IVR

Answer 23

Intervertebral ratios = vertebral canal at the narrowest: vertebral body at the widest

Normal IVR >50%

Question 24

Contrast Cervical Myelography

Answer 24

injection of iodinated contrast into the subarachnoid space to ID cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy

Question 25

On contrast cervical Myelography what are indicators of spinal cord compression?

Answer 25

>50% reduction in the dorsal contrast column >20% reduction in the total dural diameter

Question 26

Lumbosacral CSF tap

Answer 26

caudal aspect of tuber coxae btn the wings of the sacrum with an 18G 5.5 inch needle

Question 27

Caudal CSF tap

Answer 27

C1 to C2 with AUS is easier than the lumbosacral but more adverse effects. Go caudal to C1 wing and then 3cm ventral to dorsal midline